Thyme essential oil as an alternative mechanism: biofungicide-causing sensitivity of<i>Mycosphaerella graminicola</i>

Ben-Jabeur, Maissa; Somai-Jemmali, L; Hamada, Walid

doi:10.1111/jam.13408

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…These effects have been attributed to the hydroxyl groups and the presence of a system of delocalized electrons on the monoterpens thymol and carvacrol and other phenolic compounds (Ultee, Bennik, & Moezelaar, ). In addition, Ben Jabeur, Somai‐Jemmali, and Hamada () have shown that thymol has a role in specific genes associated with fungal development.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Thymol and Carvacrol Encapsulated in Hp‐Β‐Cyclodextrin by Two Inclusion Methods against Geotrichum citri‐aurantii

Serna‐Escolano

Serrano

Valero

et al. 2019

Journal of Food Science

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Geotrichum citri‐aurantii causes sour rot in citrus fruits and is responsible for important economic losses during storage. However, the availability of chemical fungicides for the control of this pathogen is limited. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of thymol and carvacrol encapsulated in 2‐hydroxylpropyl‐beta‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) (prepared by the microwave irradiation method [MW] and solubility method [S]) for inhibition of G. citri‐aurantii using in vitro bioassays broth (micro and macrodilutions methods) and inoculated food testing. Both encapsulated thymol and carvacrol were shown to be effective for inhibiting G. citri‐aurantii growth in in vitro assays. Thymol was more effective in inhibiting G. citri‐aurantii, while better encapsulation was provided by MW. HP‐β‐CD‐thymol encapsulated by MW (HP‐β‐CD‐thymol‐MW) showed the lowest 50% effective dose (ED50 = 1.16 mM), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC = 5.06 mM), and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC = 52.6 mM). HP‐β‐CD‐thymol‐MW was found highly effective in reducing the growth rate and mycelial growth inhibition. Finally, HP‐β‐CD‐thymol‐MW and HP‐β‐CD‐carvacrol‐MW showed a higher persistent effect than thymol and carvacrol in their natural form in inhibiting this fungus. Therefore, HP‐β‐CD‐thymol‐MW could be a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling G. citri‐aurantii, the causal agent of citrus sour rot. Practical Application Encapsulated thymol and carvacrol in HP‐β‐Cyclodextrins are effective for controlling G. citri‐aurantii in in vitro experiments. Encapsulation of thymol and carvacrol by microwave irradiation method (MW) was more effective than the solubility (S) method. Thymol was more effective than carvacrol, and the best results on G. citri‐auriantii inhibition were achieved using the HP‐β‐CD‐thymol‐MW method (which gave the lowest ED50, MIC, and MFC).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Thymol and Carvacrol Encapsulated in Hp‐Β‐Cyclodextrin by Two Inclusion Methods against Geotrichum citri‐aurantii

Serna‐Escolano

Serrano

Valero

et al. 2019

Journal of Food Science

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“…In general, the chemical composition of essential oils is affected by several factors, such as species, seasonality, plant age, and geographic location, as well as the extraction method [ 27 ]. For example, the composition of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris varies both qualitatively and quantitively among plants collected from different geographical locations (Spain, Serbia, and Tunisia) and was investigated by Valcárcel et al [ 28 ], Sarić-Krsmanović et al [ 29 ], and Ben Jabeur et al [ 30 ].…”

Section: Mediterranean Plants That Have Been Recently Investigated Fo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediterranean Plants as Potential Source of Biopesticides: An Overview of Current Research and Future Trends

Fragkouli,

Antonopoulou,

Asimakis

et al. 2023

Metabolites

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The development and implementation of safe natural alternatives to synthetic pesticides are urgent needs that will provide ecological solutions for the control of plant diseases, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, pests, and weeds to ensure the economic stability of farmers and food security, as well as protection of the environment and human health. Unambiguously, production of botanical pesticides will allow for the sustainable and efficient use of natural resources and finally decrease the use of chemical inputs and burden. This is further underlined by the strict regulations on pesticide residues in agricultural products and is in harmony with the Farm to Fork strategy, which aims to reduce pesticide use by 50% by 2030. Thus, the present work aims to compile the scientific knowledge of the last 5 years (2017–February 2023) regarding the Mediterranean plants that present biopesticidal effects. The literature review revealed 40 families of Mediterranean plants with at least one species that have been investigated as potential biopesticides. However, only six families had the highest number of species, and they were reviewed comprehensively in this study. Following a systematic approach, the extraction methods, chemical composition, biopesticidal activity, and commonly used assays for evaluating the antimicrobial, pesticidal, repellant, and herbicidal activity of plant extracts, as well as the toxicological and safety aspects of biopesticide formulation, are discussed in detail. Finally, the aspects that have not yet been investigated or are under-investigated and future perspectives are highlighted.

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“…When it is applied against bacteria, carvacrol can influence virulence factors, including reduced toxin production and biofilm formation by the bacteria. Most recent studies indicated that carvacrol affects gene expression [13,14] and subsequently reduces virulence of microorganisms [15,16,17].…”

Section: Antimicrobial Activity Of Carvacrol and Associated Mechanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of a Small Molecule Carvacrol in Management of Vegetable Diseases

2019

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Carvacrol, a plant-derived volatile small molecule, is effective against various agents that can cause damage to humans, the food processing industry, and plants, and is considered a safe substance for human consumption. In this short communication, previous studies on the effectiveness of carvacrol against various agents, particularly plant pathogens and their associated mechanisms are described. In our study, carvacrol was found to be effective on media against several soilborne pathogens and in planta against three foliar pathogens (Xanthomonas perforans, Alternaria tomatophila, and Podosphaeraxanthii) of important vegetable crops in south Florida of the United States. Current research findings indicated that the effectiveness of carvacrol against various plant pathogens tested was associated with its direct bactericidal/fungicidal effect, which was affected greatly by its volatility. Development of new formulations to overcome the volatility and to prolong the effectiveness of carvacrol was also presented. Our studies on carvacrol suggested that, with advanced development of new formulations, carvacrol could be used as a promising tool in the integrated pest management for bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens of important vegetable crops in Florida, the USA, and the world.

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Thyme essential oil as an alternative mechanism: biofungicide-causing sensitivity ofMycosphaerella graminicola

Abstract: These findings will probably be useful to design an alternative biofungicide which will not lead to pathogen multidrug resistance.

Cited by 24 publications

References 32 publications

Effect of Thymol and Carvacrol Encapsulated in Hp‐Β‐Cyclodextrin by Two Inclusion Methods against Geotrichum citri‐aurantii

Effect of Thymol and Carvacrol Encapsulated in Hp‐Β‐Cyclodextrin by Two Inclusion Methods against Geotrichum citri‐aurantii

Mediterranean Plants as Potential Source of Biopesticides: An Overview of Current Research and Future Trends

Potential of a Small Molecule Carvacrol in Management of Vegetable Diseases

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