Thykamine Extracts from Spinach Reduce Acute Inflammation In Vivo and Downregulate Phlogogenic Functions of Human Blood Neutrophils In Vitro

Abstract

The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role of Thykamine, a botanical extract of thylakoides obtained from spinach leaves, has been investigated in animal and cellular models. The oxidative properties have been proven by inhibiting NO production (>98%) in J774A.1 cells and by protecting a linoelic acid emulsion subjected to lipid peroxidation caused by AAPH. Thykamine injected intraperitoneally to rats reduced the inflammatory process of (TNBS)-induced colitis and carrageenan-induced paw edema. As neutrophils are the first cells to migrate to inflammatory sites, the influence of Thykamine on the primary neutrophil functions were studied. Thykamine dose-dependent reduced neutrophil chemiotaxis, phagocytosis, and degranulation. No change in the release of LDH by neutrophils on Thykamine was recorded. Thykamine inhibited by 85% the neutrophil production of O2−. A superoxide recovery activity was observed on a zymography demonstrating a SOD-like enzyme on Thykamine extracts. Spontaneous fluorescence provided by carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments (488/675 nm) detected Thykamine on the surface, in the cytoplasm (mainly central where Golgi are present) and weakly in the nucleus of neutrophils. The results argue that SOD and pigments found in Thykamine are part of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties shown in in vivo and in vitro models of inflammation.

An Extract of Artemisia argyi Leaves Rich in Organic Acids and Flavonoids Promotes Growth in BALB/c Mice by Regulating Intestinal Flora

“…In this study, compared with the CK group, H group significantly increased WBC and GRAN, while M group and L group had no significant effect on blood routine indexes. The increase of these two indexes reflected the possibility of inflammation in the body [ 22 ]. Further determination of serum biochemical indicators, liver is the body’s detoxification organ, through the determination that serum ALT and AST activities can reflect the status of the liver [ 23 ].…”

The efficacy of herbal medicine on gingival and periodontal diseases: a review

“…Microbial control in turn reduces the inflammatory response, which in turn decreases the plasma leakage in saliva through gingival crevicular fluid; this statement could be supported by the overall reduction in total salivary protein levels. (16) Further investigations: Several studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of cocoa flavonoids,(36) thyme, (37) Artemisia annua, (38) Inonotus obliquus (chaga mushroom), (39) leaf extract of Ananas comosus, (40) Thykamine extracts from spinach (41) and White Willow Bark (Salix alba) (42) on different parts of the body. An analysis…”