“…In the former situation, it is postulated that the outcome (i.e., feedback) is especially informative for the participants because it allows them to improve learning and adapt behavior accordingly, while this is less the case in the latter situation (Frank, Seeberger, & O'Reilly, 2004;Sambrook & Goslin, 2015;Walsh & Anderson, 2012). At slight variance with this theory, the salience prediction error account (Alexander & Brown, 2011;Oliveira, McDonald, & Goodman, 2007) suggests that the medial prefrontal cortex and, more specifically, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which is thought to be the main intracranial generator of the FRN (Gehring & Willoughby, 2002;Miltner et al, 1997;Yeung, Holroyd, & Cohen, 2004), is sensitive to mismatches regardless of their sign, thereby responding equally strongly to better-thanexpected or worse-than-expected outcomes since they are both salient (Hauser et al, 2014;Soder & Potts, 2018;Talmi, Atkinson, & El-Deredy, 2013; van der Veen, van der Molen, van der Molen, & Franken, 2016). The question thus remains unsolved whether the FRN codes for a signed or an unsigned RPE.…”