Thulium-doped barium tellurite glasses: structural, thermal, linear, and non-linear optical investigations

Effect of thulium oxide on structural, refractive index, and optical band gap of bismuth-boro-tellurite glass system

“…In terms of molar volume, the Tm ion leads to contraction and consequent reduction in molar volume that is related to a decrease in molar volume because of the difference in ionic sizes [20]. In the previous study, decreases in the molar volume might be attributed to a decrease in bond length whereas the number of free volumes inside the glass network may reduce due to the higher dopant atom coordination number of Tm 2 O 3 [22]. This feature might be related to a decrease in the number of oxygen atoms in a chemical unit's structure.…”

“…The structural change only plays a minor role in the concentration borate glass system to investigate the amorphous nature. Each pattern that has a hump was increased in intensity with the addition of thulium oxide [22]. Table 1 shows the density and molar volume value of all glass samples, and it is also plotted on the graph in Fig.…”

Nonlinear optical and luminescence studies on Zinc Alumino-Boro-Silicate glasses co-doped with Dy3+ and Sm3+ ions for optical limiting and W-LEDs applications

“…A non-radiative relaxation takes place when excitation pump sources of 350 nm and 402 nm are applied to the upper levels of Dy 3+ and Sm 3+ , causing the ions to reach one of their intermediate levels at 4 F 9/2 and 4 G 5/2 . When Dy 3+ ions arrive at the intermediate level at 4 F 9/2 , they transmit some of their energy to Sm 3+ ions located at the 4 G 5/2 metalevel [16]. The green arrows in figure 5 denote energy migration from Dy 3+ to Sm 3+ .…”

“…In general, for glasses with singly doped rare earths like Tm 3+ [16] and Er 3+ [30], the nonlinear absorption coefficient increases with increasing the concentration of donors. However, in the present case, due to the presence of both donor (Dy 3+ ) and acceptors (Sm 3+ ), the nonlinear absorption coefficient values are decreased due to the energy transfer mechanism as seen from emission studies.…”

“…In contrast to crystalline materials, which have shown a rapid scientific and technological revolution in the field of NLO, glasses are still under study. Some of the reports on NLO properties of the glasses were discussed in the literature [12][13][14][15][16][17]. However, the NLO analysis on co-doped glasses is limited to very few [18], especially with Dy 3+ -Sm 3+ co-dopant.…”