Through the Scope Darkly: The Gut Mycobiome Comes into Focus

Hernández-Santos, Nydiaris; Klein, Bruce S.

doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.11.013

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Studies have indicated that bacteria make-up approximately 99% of the intestinal microbiome, with fungal and archaeal diversity making up the remaining 1% [ 31 ]. However, only a small fraction of the microbiome literature has been devoted to investigating the fungal communities within the microbiome, leading to the assertion that fungal diversity and numbers are subject to high fluctuations and may at times comprise larger or smaller percentages than what has been previously measured [ 32 ]. Based on the presence of fungi in the mammalian gut and the ability of MNV as well as other enteric viruses to bind to many commensal bacteria, the ability of MNV to bind to the common commensal fungal species, C. albicans , was investigated.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attach Me If You Can: Murine Norovirus Binds to Commensal Bacteria and Fungi

Madrigal

Bhar

Hackett

et al. 2020

Viruses

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The presence of commensal bacteria enhances both acute and persistent infection of murine noroviruses. For several enteric viral pathogens, mechanisms by which these bacteria enhance infection involve direct interactions between the virus and bacteria. While it has been demonstrated that human noroviruses bind to a variety of commensal bacteria, it is not known if this is also true for murine noroviruses. The goal of this study was to characterize interactions between murine noroviruses and commensal bacteria and determine the impact of bacterial growth conditions, incubation temperature and time, on murine norovirus attachment to microbes that comprise the mammalian microbiome. We show that murine noroviruses bind directly to commensal bacteria and show similar patterns of attachment as human norovirus VLPs examined under the same conditions. Furthermore, while binding levels are not impacted by the growth phase of the bacteria, they do change with time and incubation temperature. We also found that murine norovirus can bind to a commensal fungal species, Candida albicans.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attach Me If You Can: Murine Norovirus Binds to Commensal Bacteria and Fungi

Madrigal

Bhar

Hackett

et al. 2020

Viruses

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“…The intestinal microbiome refers to all microbial communities and their genomes. However, despite considerable evaluation of bacterial communities, much less is known regarding other micro‐organisms (Hernández‐Santos & Klein, ), such as rarely reported intestinal fungi, which is another important microbial group that may play a critical role in the metabolism and intestinal health of the host (Li et al, ; Nash et al, ). So far, most studies on the intestinal fungi focused on human and mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fungal community and its interaction with the concentration of short‐chain fatty acids in the caecum and colon of weaned piglets

Luo

Chen

et al. 2020

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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In sharp contrast to the numerous studies on bacteria, very little is known about the fungal community in mammalian gut. Recent studies on human and mice highlighted the importance of “mycobiota” in the metabolism and gut health of host, but our knowledge on the fungal composition and distribution in swine gut is very limited. In the current study, the fungal community in the caecal and colonic digesta from five weaned piglets was analysed based on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 region, and its relationship with the concentration of short‐chain fatty acids was also investigated. Results revealed that the fungal profile in the caecal and colonic digesta of the piglets was distinct, and the caecal fungal diversity was significantly higher (p < .05). Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were the two predominant fungal phyla in the caecum and colon of the piglets. Comparing with that in colon, the abundance of Saccharomycopsis, Wallemia and Mrakia showed significantly higher (p < .05), and the abundance of Scheffersomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Mucor was significantly lower in the caecum (p < .05). Canonical correspondence analysis showed a correlation between the fungal community and the concentration of isobutyrate, isovalerate, propionate and acetate in the digesta samples. Spearman's correlation indicated that the low‐abundance genera, Fusarium, Plectosphaerella and Metarhizium, were positively correlated with of isobutyrate (p < .05), while Xeromyces were negatively correlated with acetate (p < .05), and Cornuvesica was negatively correlated with both acetate and propionate (p < .05). Results illuminated a probable interaction between the fungal composition and the bacterial degradation of protein and complex carbohydrates in the diet. These findings would be helpful to enhance our understanding of fungi in swine gut and provide a foundation for future work on the function of mycobiota in pigs.

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“…Fungi in particular represent an overlooked yet highly important kingdom. While studies have indicated that fungi are central to maintaining intestinal homeostasis and systemic immunity, <0.4% of the microbiome-related literature refer to or study fungal communities (Hernández-Santos and Klein, 2017). A schematic representation of the number of microbiome vs. mycobiome studies is provided in Figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fungal World: Could the Gut Mycobiome Be Involved in Neurological Disease?

et al. 2019

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The human microbiome has received decades of attention from scientific and medical research communities. The human gastrointestinal tract is host to immense populations of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, archaea, and fungi (the gut microbiota). High-throughput sequencing and computational advancements provide unprecedented ability to investigate the structure and function of microbial communities associated with the human body in health and disease. Most research to date has largely focused on elucidating the bacterial component of the human gut microbiota. Study of the gut “mycobiota,” which refers to the diverse array of fungal species, is a relatively new and rapidly progressing field. Though omnipresent, the number and abundance of fungi occupying the human gut is orders of magnitude smaller than that of bacteria. Recent insights however, have suggested that the gut mycobiota may be intricately linked to health and disease. Evaluation of the gut mycobiota has shown that not only are the fungal communities altered in disease, but they also play a role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and influencing systemic immunity. In addition, it is now widely accepted that host-fungi and bacteria-fungi associations are critical to host health. While research of the gut mycobiota in health and disease is on the rise, little research has been performed in the context of neuroimmune and neurodegenerative conditions. Gut microbiota dysbiosis (specifically bacteria and archaea) have been reported in neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's, among others. Given the widely accepted bacteria-fungi associations and paucity of mycobiota-specific studies in neurological disease, this review discusses the potential role fungi may play in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Herein, we provide an overview of recent advances in gut mycobiome research and discuss the plausible role of both intestinal and non-intestinal fungi in the context of neuroimmune and neurodegenerative conditions.

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Through the Scope Darkly: The Gut Mycobiome Comes into Focus

Cited by 19 publications

References 10 publications

Attach Me If You Can: Murine Norovirus Binds to Commensal Bacteria and Fungi

Attach Me If You Can: Murine Norovirus Binds to Commensal Bacteria and Fungi

The fungal community and its interaction with the concentration of short‐chain fatty acids in the caecum and colon of weaned piglets

A Fungal World: Could the Gut Mycobiome Be Involved in Neurological Disease?

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