Thrombozytopenische Purpura beim Saugferkel Morphologische, hämatologische und serologische Untersuchungen

Abstract

Zusammenfassung Bei einem Wurf von 13 Ferkeln werden die bei der Thrombozytopenischen Purpura auftretenden morphologischen, hämatologischen und serologischen Veränderungen beschrieben. Bei sieben mit Kolostrum aufgezogenen Ferkeln sind im Vergleich zu sechs kolostrumfrei ernährten Ferkeln folgende Befunde zu erheben: zwei Tage post partum hämorrhagische Diathese an Haut und inneren Organen; in Knochenmarkschnittpräparaten deutliche Verminderung der Megakaryozyten mit überwiegend degenerativen Zellformen, verlängerte Blutungszeit; Thrombozytopenie mit Thrombozytensturz sechs Stunden post partum und weiterem Thrombozytenabfall ab siebtem Lebenstag; in Serum und Molke der Sau thrombozytenagglutinierende Antikörer und im Serum der Ferkel Thrombozyten‐Isoantikörper; deutliche Fluoreszenz von Ferkelthrombozyten und ‐megakaryozyten nach Inkubation mit Serum und Molke und nachfolgender Inkubation mit anti‐Schweine‐IgG‐Konjugat. Die Untersuchungen ergeben, daß bei der Thrombozytopenischen Purpura der Saugferkel mit dem Kolostrum aufgenommene thrombozytenagglutinierende Antikörper zu einer Thrombozytopenie führen, die sich am zweiten Tag post partum klinisch in einer hämorrhagischen Diathese manifestiert. Weiterhin halten wir eine direkte zytotoxische Wirkung des Isoantikörpers auf die Megakaryozyten im Knochenmark für möglich. Dadurch wäre die Verminderung der Megakaryozyten und der erneute Abfall der Thrombozyten zwei Tage post partum erklärbar. Summary Thrombocytopanic purpura in the sucking pig Morphological, haematological and serological studies In a litter of 13 piglets the morphological, haematological and serological changes occurring in thrombocytopenic purpura (TP) are described. In the seven pigs receiving colostrum the following findings are described, in contrast to the six pigs given no colostrum: two days after birth a haemorrhagic diathesis in the skin and internal organs; in bone marrow preparations a clear reduction in megakaryocytes with predominantly degenerate cell forms, prolonged clotting time; thrombocytopenia with a rapid fall in the number of thrombocytes six hours after birth and a further fall from the seventh day; thrombocyte‐agglutinating antibodies in the serum and whey of the sow and thrombocyte‐isoantibodies in the serum of the piglets; clear fluorescence of piglet thrombocytes and megakaryocytes after incubation with serum and whey and subsequent incubation with anti‐pig IgG conjugate. The studies showed that in TP of piglets thrombocyte‐agglutinating antibodies are taken in with the colostrum and produce thrombocytopenia which can produce clinical signs on the second day after birth in the form of a haemorrhagic diathesis. The authors also think it possible that there may be a direct cytotoxic effect of the iso‐antibodies on the megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. This would explain the renewed fall in megakaryocytes and the new fall in thrombocytes on the second day post partum. Résumé Purpura thrombocytopénique chez des porcelets allaités Recherches morphologiques, hématologiques et sér...

Thrombocytopenic purpura on an organic farm with pen mating: a case report on the re-emergence of an old disease

“…These maternal antibodies agglutinate the thrombocytes of the piglets, which causes symptoms to appear at about 3 days of age. The antibodies also have a cytotoxic effect on megakaryocytes, which are the precursor cells of the thrombocytes [2,3,8]. The second often more severe appearance of symptoms at age of 2 weeks is due to the destruction of platelets and megakaryocytes and the following failure to produce new platelets (biphasic thrombocytopenia) [3,4].…”

“…Once a litter is affected of thrombocytopenic purpura, there are no therapeutical options. Newborn piglets of matings that are known to cause thrombocytopenic purpura should be separated from their mother before consumption of colostrum and fostered by another sow [8]. Subsequent matings of the sow and boar of the affected litter should be avoided.…”

“…In addition, lymph nodes are found to be haemorrhagic and enlarged [ 1 – 3 , 7 ]. Histologic findings include haemorrhages in several tissues and a depletion of megakaryocytes in bone marrow and spleen [ 2 , 3 , 8 ].…”

“…Haematological findings show a severe thrombocytopenia in affected piglets [ 1 , 3 , 8 , 9 ], elongated bleeding time [ 1 , 4 , 8 ] but normal whole blood coagulation, prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times [ 1 , 4 , 10 ].…”

Clinical, histopathological, and hematological changes due to isoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura in piglets

“…After ingestion of colostrum with isoimmune antibodies, piglets develop severe thrombocytopenia, and consequently, massive hemorrhages (Galea et al 1981, Furukawa et al 2014, Valli et al 2015, Joller et al 2020) because isoimmune antibodies cause platelet agglutination and lysis of medullary precursors (megakaryocytes) in newborn piglets (Stormorken et al 1963, Nordstoga 1965, Saunders & Kinch 1968, Dimmock et al 1982, leading to clinical signs such as pallor, apathy, multifocal hemorrhaging, and death (Putsche & Kohn 2008). Separating piglets from their mother prior to colostrum consumption and being fostered by a different sow constitutes the main strategy for early treatment of the disease (Schmidt et al 1977). However, a late form of the disease, also referred to as biphasic thrombocytopenia, can occur in 14-15-day-old piglets.…”