“… 11 PAR 1 serves as a receptor for thrombin and plays important roles in carcinogenesis. 12 , 13 , 14 PAR 1 activation can impact nociception, motility, proliferation, secretion, barrier function, mucosal defense, and vascular remodeling. 15 , 16 , 17 Activated PAR 1 disrupts mucosal barrier function by promoting excessive epithelial cell apoptosis and thereby induces the translocation of luminal content into intestinal wall.…”