Three-Year Survey of Fusarium Multi-Metabolites/Mycotoxins Contamination in Wheat Samples in Potentially Epidemic FHB Conditions

Abstract

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease of cereals including wheat, which results in significant economic losses and reductions in grain quality. Additionally, the presence of Fusarium spp. results in productions of mycotoxins/metabolites, some of which are toxic in low concentrations. The liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was applied to 216 wheat samples from field conditions diseased with FHB. Data obtained show that out of 28 metabolites detected, deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G), enniatin B (ENN B), enniatin B1 (ENN B1), culmorin, 15-hydroxyculmorin, and aurofusarin were the most prevalent mycotoxins/metabolites over three years (2014–2016). In 2014–2016, 100, 100 and 96% of the samples were contaminated with zearalenone (ZEN). Of the masked mycotoxins, D3G occurred at a high incidence level of 100% in all three investigated years. Among emerging mycotoxins, moniliformin (MON), beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENNs) showed high occurrences ranging from 27 and 100% during three investigated years. Co-occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins/metabolites was high and almost all were highly correlated to each other but their possible synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects of toxicity, should be taken into consideration. Our results demonstrated that modified and emerging mycotoxins/metabolites contributed substantially to the overall contamination of wheat grains. To avoid disparagement, it is necessary to analyse these forms in future mycotoxin monitoring programs and to set their maximum levels.

The Influence of Humic Acids and Nitrophenols on Metabolic Compounds and Pesticide Behavior in Wheat under Biotic Stress

“…FHB and FCR are among the most significant wheat diseases worldwide [3]. They decrease yield, deteriorate wheat quality, and lead to grain contamination by mycotoxins-such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites (3-AcDON, 15-AcDON), zearalenone (ZEA), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenone X (FusX), HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, and fumonisins (FUM)-which are one of the most toxic substances to humans and animals [4]. Despite the beneficial effects of biostimulators and pesticides in wheat protection, knowledge about their influence on plant metabolic status and physiological stress level, as well as their interactions with pathogenic fungi, remains insufficient.…”

Fusarium Head Blight Infection Induced Responses of Six Winter Wheat Varieties in Ascorbate–Glutathione Pathway, Photosynthetic Efficiency and Stress Hormones

“…It is also one of the most widespread [2] and the most intensively studied wheat diseases [4]. Although significant progress has been made in the control of FHB, this disease remains a serious threat, especially in terms of accumulation of mycotoxins that are harmful to human and animal health [4][5][6]. The development and intensity of FHB can be conditioned by different factors related to host susceptibility and pathogen aggressiveness, but the most important are weather conditions during anthesis [5,7,8].…”

“…Extreme weather conditions associated with climate change are expected to lead to various changes in Fusarium species, such as changes in seasonal phenology, population dynamics, and geographic distribution [9], while an increase in FHB epidemics as a result of global warming has already been recorded [10,11]. Effective FHB management requires a combination of cultural, biological, chemical, and host plant resistance strategies, where genetic control accomplished by breeding gains, when combined with other methods, may be a sustainable solution for FHB control [6,12]. However, breeding FHB resistant Plants 2023, 12, 3720 2 of 20 varieties with desirable agronomic traits is challenging because most sources of FHB resistance correlate with unfavorable agronomic traits [13].…”

The Effect of Different Cropping Systems on Yield, Quality, Productivity Elements, and Morphological Characters in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

“…However, many results indicated that the response of cultivars to the applied growing conditions varies and showed that individual wheat cultivars respond differently to the agro-technology used in cultivation, so it is important to select the production sys-tem individually according to the requirements, genetics, and production capacity of the cultivar [29][30][31][32][33][34].…”