Three-Year Follow-up of Survivors of a Mass Shooting Episode

North, Carol S.; McCutcheon, Vivia V.; Spitznagel, Edward L.; Smith, Elizabeth M.

doi:10.1093/jurban/79.3.383

Cited by 69 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In our study, health problems (as evaluated in the first survey) were not a clear determinant of response in the second wave for the overall affected population (residents and emergency workers). In nine out of twelve previous disaster studies, posttraumatic stress symptoms or disorder [11,13,14,[16][17][18]20] or other psychological symptoms such as anxiety and depression [11,12,15] at the first wave were not predictors of loss to follow up. However, the presence of predisaster depression [9], pre-disaster behavioral and emotional problems [21] and a higher level of general psychological distress at the first wave [20] were associated with lower participation rates at the second wave of the study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…In some studies after disasters non-responders were more likely to be male and never married, and have a lower household income than responders [9][10][11], while other studies did not find a difference between responders and non-responders in these demographic factors [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. The same diversity in results was observed for health-related factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Some studies found that depression, distress and symptoms of PTSD were related to non-response in the second wave of the studies in the literature [9,19,20]. In contrast, other studies did not found associations between psychological symptoms/disorders and attrition [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]20]. In only four studies, the authors examined disasterrelated factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of Response in a Longitudinal Health Study Following the Firework-disaster in Enschede, The Netherlands

et al. 2005

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Very few longitudinal health studies after disasters published data on the determinants of loss to follow up. However, these determinants provide important information for future disaster studies to improve their response and reduce selection bias. For this purpose we analyzed the data of a longitudinal health survey which was performed among residents and emergency workers, at 3 weeks (n = 3662) and at 18 months (n = 2769) after a major firework disaster in The Netherlands (Enschede, May 13, 2000). The response was lower among immigrants (54%) than among native Dutch (81%). Severe damage to the house due to the disaster (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1-3.0) and being involved as an emergency workers (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.2-3.4) were associated with higher response among native Dutch, while this was not the case among immigrants. Non-western immigrants with health problems in the first study were more likely to participate in the second study (for example physical symptoms OR: 2.5: 95% CI: 1.4-4.4), while the native Dutch with these symptoms were less likely to participate (OR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5-0.9). In conclusion, disaster-related characteristics were associated with higher response in native Dutch. Health problems were associated with higher response among non-western immigrants and with lower response among the native Dutch.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of Response in a Longitudinal Health Study Following the Firework-disaster in Enschede, The Netherlands

et al. 2005

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“…If claimants in litigation show lower remission rates, it could be because they are focusing on the litigation and the need to appear "damaged" (Bryant and Harvey 2003 ). It is noted that delay in onset of PTSD is quite rare (North et al 2002 ) so that it may arise from compensation motivation.…”

Section: Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Controversies, Diagnosis, and Malingering

Young

2013

Malingering, Feigning, and Response Bias in Psychiatric/ Psychological Injury

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“…[10], Schlenger et al [11], Silver et al [12]) have examined the mental health consequences of major terrorist attacks experienced in the United States (i.e., Oklahoma City bombing, the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and the anthrax attacks in 2002-2003). As a whole, the studies revealed that the effects from acts of terrorism on mental health affected a higher percentage of people and that the effects were more enduring than the negative psychological outcomes reported in previous studies for natural or accidental disaster survivors.…”

Section: Lessons From Terrorist Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Best practices for psychological support of communities after a disaster

Selzler¹,

Grandbois²

2011

Disaster Management and Human Health Risk II

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Historically, the U.S. emergency response system has not provided psychological support to communities impacted by disaster. Instead, the traditional emergency response community focused on preparing for and ensuring the physical survival and safety of the individuals and communities that it protects. However, since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, private and public agencies have enhanced the capacity to respond to the behavioral health impact of disasters both on the community and individual. The goal of all disaster intervention, whether physical or psychological in nature, is to restore the individual to his/her level of pre-disaster functioning. The purpose of this paper is to identify the best practices and evidence-based strategies used to restore communities to pre-existing disaster functional status. A review of the important insights gleaned from U.S. terrorist attacks and from post-Katrina findings reveal many states' practices are limited to providing clinical services or psychological debriefing designed to directly mitigate or lessen the severity of the psychological impact on victims, responders, and nearby community members. Little attention has been paid to the broader psychological, social, functional, and behavioral issues that can impair recovery efforts for both individuals and the communities in which they reside. Helping communities become resilient and recover from devastation in a timely manner will improve the health of communities and decrease economic losses due to lost work time, health care visits, and use of substances to cope.

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Three-Year Follow-up of Survivors of a Mass Shooting Episode

Abstract: This report describes a 3-year follow-up study of survivors of a mass shooting incident.

Cited by 69 publications

References 16 publications

Determinants of Response in a Longitudinal Health Study Following the Firework-disaster in Enschede, The Netherlands

Determinants of Response in a Longitudinal Health Study Following the Firework-disaster in Enschede, The Netherlands

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Controversies, Diagnosis, and Malingering

Best practices for psychological support of communities after a disaster

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