Three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic

Fisayo, Temitope; Tsukagoshi, Sonia

doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138564

Cited by 50 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Bangladesh is passing through the second stage of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. However, the experience of other countries demonstrates that the second or even third waves of infection are possible (Fisayo& Tsukagoshi, 2021;Graichen, 2021) which might create serious consequences in managing community health. Considering the upcoming situation, the best approach would be to develop a wastewater-based surveillance system for the entire country.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater based surveillance system to detect SARS-CoV-2 genetic material for countries with on-site sanitation facilities: an experience from Bangladesh

Jakariya

Ahmed

Islam

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The presence of SARS-CoV-2 genetic materials in wastewater has become a matter of grave for many countries of the world. Wastewater based epidemiology, in this context, emerged as an important tool in developed countries where proper sewage system is available. Due to the recent shift in the spread of the infection from urban to rural areas, it is now equally important to develop a similar mechanism for rural areas as well. Considering the urgency of the issue a study was conducted in 14 districts of Bangladesh and a total of 238 sewage samples were collected in two different periods from December 2020 to January 2021. We are the first to propose a surveillance system for both urban and rural areas where a proper sewage system is absent. Based on RT-PCR analysis of the water samples, in more than 92% of cases, we found the presence of the SARS-COV-2 gene (ORF1ab, N, and Internal Control-IC). The trend of Ct value varies for different study locations. The spread of genetic material for on-site (m = - 0.0386) sanitation system was found more prominent than that of off-site sewage system (m = 0.0105); which indicated the shift of genetic material from urban to rural areas. Wastewater samples were also measured for physicochemical parameters, including pH (6.30 - 12.50) and temperature (22.10 - 32.60)C. The highest viral titer of 1975 copy/mL in sewage sample was observed in a sample collected from the isolation ward of the SARS-COV-2 hospital. Additionally, a correlation was found between bacterial load and SARS-CoV-2 genetic materials. The results indicated the association of increased Ct values with decreasing number of patients and vice versa. The findings reported in this paper contributed to the field of wastewater-based epidemiology dealing with SARS-COV-2 surveillance for developing countries where proper sewage system is absent and highlighting some of the challenges associated with this approach in such settings. Keywords: On-site Sanitation, Off-site Sanitation, SARS-CoV-2, Genetic Materials, Developing Countries, Rural Wastewater-Based Surveillance System.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater based surveillance system to detect SARS-CoV-2 genetic material for countries with on-site sanitation facilities: an experience from Bangladesh

Jakariya

Ahmed

Islam

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…In the current pandemic, the prevalence among HCW varies between countries from 2 to 30% (4). The Coronavirus Infection Disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2, affects people's lives and threatens their biological (5,6), physiological (7,8), family and social health (9,10). HCW are repeatedly exposed to the virus leading to an increased risk of the disease (11) and sequelae (12) compared to the general population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case-Control Study of Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Healthcare Workers in Colombia.

Rodríguez‐López

Parra

Vergara

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Healthcare Workers (HCW) are repeatedly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCW in one of the largest cities in Colombia. Methods: We conducted a case-control study, where cases had a positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and controls had a negative result. Participants were randomly selected and interviewed by phone. Analyses were performed using logistic regression models. Results: A total of 110 cases and 113 controls were included. Men (AdjOR 4.1 95%CI 1.7-10), Nurses (AdjOR 11.2 95%CI 1.1-119.6), not using a high-performance filtering mask (AdjOR 2.2 95%CI 1-5.1) and inadequate use of personal protective equipment (AdjOR 4.8 95%CI 1.1-19.6) were identified as risk factors. Conversely, graduate (AdjOR 0.1 95%CI 0.01-0.5) and postgraduate (AdjOR 0.05 95%CI 0.004-0.5) education, feeling scared or nervous (AdjOR 0.5 95%CI0.2-0.9), not wearing any of gloves, hat and googles/face shields (AdjOR 0.1 95%CI0.02-0.4), and the use of high-performance filtering or a combination of fabric plus surgical mask (AdjOR 0.2 95%CI 0.1-0.8) outside the workplace were protective factors. Conclusion: This study highlights the protection provided by high-performance filtering mask or double masking among HCW. Individual factors and the difficulties of wearing other protective equipment needs to be considered in designing, implementing and monitoring COVID-19 biosafety protocols for HCW.

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“…In the current pandemic, the prevalence among HCW varies between countries from 2 to 30% [4]. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2, affects people's lives and threatens their biological [5,6], physiological [7,8], family and social health [9,10]. HCW are repeatedly exposed to the virus leading to an increased risk of the disease [11] and sequelae [12] compared to the general population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case–control study of factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in Colombia

et al. 2021

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Background Healthcare Workers (HCW) are repeatedly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCW in one of the largest cities in Colombia. Methods We conducted a case–control study, where cases had a positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and controls had a negative result. Participants were randomly selected and interviewed by phone. Analyses were performed using logistic regression models. Results A total of 110 cases and 113 controls were included. Men (AdjOR 4.13 95% CI 1.70–10.05), Nurses (AdjOR 11.24 95% CI 1.05–119.63), not using a high-performance filtering mask (AdjOR 2.27 95% CI 1.02–5.05) and inadequate use of personal protective equipment (AdjOR 4.82 95% CI 1.18–19.65) were identified as risk factors. Conversely, graduate (AdjOR 0.06 95% CI 0.01–0.53) and postgraduate (AdjOR 0.05 95% CI 0.005–0.7) education, feeling scared or nervous (AdjOR 0.45 95% CI 0.22–0.91), not always wearing any gloves, caps and goggles/face shields (AdjOR 0.10 95% CI 0.02–0.41), and the use of high-performance filtering or a combination of fabric plus surgical mask (AdjOR 0.27 95% CI 0.09–0.80) outside the workplace were protective factors. Conclusion This study highlights the protection provided by high-performance filtering masks or double masking among HCW. Modifiable and non-modifiable factors and the difficulty of wearing other protective equipment needs to be considered in designing, implementing and monitoring COVID-19 biosafety protocols for HCW.

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Three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic

Cited by 50 publications

References 6 publications

Wastewater based surveillance system to detect SARS-CoV-2 genetic material for countries with on-site sanitation facilities: an experience from Bangladesh

Wastewater based surveillance system to detect SARS-CoV-2 genetic material for countries with on-site sanitation facilities: an experience from Bangladesh

A Case-Control Study of Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Healthcare Workers in Colombia.

A case–control study of factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in Colombia

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