Three Types of Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Positive CNS Neurons Distinguished by Dopa Decarboxylase and VMAT2 Co-Expression

Weihe, Eberhard; Depboylu, Candan; Schütz, Burkhard; Schäfer, Martin; Eiden, Lee E.

doi:10.1007/s10571-006-9053-9

Cited by 125 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…These possibilities raise the interesting notion that levels of VMAT2 may vary at different types of neuroeffector synapses. Our findings may also prove relevant to the central nervous system, where it has recently been found that some neuronal cell bodies are immunoreactive for TH, but not VMAT2 (Weihe et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Different subcellular distributions of the vesicular monoamine transporter, VMAT2, in subclasses of sympathetic neurons

Headley¹,

Suhan²,

Horn³

2007

Brain Research

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A subpopulation of neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) was found to lack immunostaining for VMAT2, an isoform of the vesicular monoamine transporter that loads catecholamines into vesicles for release at the synapse. Double labeling with neuropeptide Y (NPY), a marker for vasomotor neurons, revealed selective cellular colocalization of NPY together with intense perinuclear staining for VMAT2. This implied that VMAT2-negative neurons were likely to have secretomotor and pilomotor phenotypes. We tested this by identifying peripheral noradrenergic axons by their expression of immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and determining whether they also expressed NPY and VMAT2. This analysis revealed the presence of VMAT2-positive, non-vasomotor sympathetic axons in the submandibular gland and at the base of piloerector hairs. Together the results confirm earlier indications that virtually all sympathetic neurons in the rat SCG express VMAT2 and they show for the first time that functional subclasses of cells can be distinguished by different somatic levels of immunoreactivity for VMAT2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Different subcellular distributions of the vesicular monoamine transporter, VMAT2, in subclasses of sympathetic neurons

Headley¹,

Suhan²,

Horn³

2007

Brain Research

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“…No catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes subsequent to TH, including AADC, have been observed in TH-IR neurons in the developing or adult rodent or primate cortex, calling into question the catecholaminergic status of these cells (Berger et al, 1985;Gaspar et al, 1987;Satoh and Suzuki, 1990;Ikemoto et al, 1999;Weihe et al, 2006). Additionally, in the developing rat, labeling of the cortical TH-IR neurons was insensitive to 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity, and no endogenous catecholamines were detected in cortical somata (Berger et al, 1985).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not only are these TH neurons outside the classically-defined catecholaminergic cell groups (Hokfelt et al, 1984), but their final transmitter phenotype is also uncertain. In all species examined, cortical TH-IR cells failed to express any catecholaminergic enzymes subsequent to TH, including aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), which synthesizes dopamine (Berger et al, 1985;Gaspar et al, 1987;Ikemoto et al, 1999;Weihe et al, 2006). Although very few TH-IR cells were noted in the adult rat cortex in classical TH distribution studies (Hokfelt et al, 1984), later reports described a population of cortical TH-IR cells that were observed transiently during postnatal development in the rat (Berger et al, 1985) and mouse (Satoh and Suzuki, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A subset of cortical neurons also expresses TH in the rodent (Berger et al, 1985;Kosaka et al, 1987a;1987b;Satoh and Suzuki, 1990), non-human primate (Weihe et al, 2006), and human (Gaspar et al, 1987;Hornung et al, 1989;Kuljis et al, 1989;Trottier et al, 1989;Fukuda et al, 1999;Ikemoto et al, 1999;Benavides-Piccione and DeFelipe, 2003;Marui et al, 2003;Benavides-Piccione and DeFelipe, 2007). Based on their size, morphology, and partial colocalization with GABA, cortical TH-IR cells were hypothesized to be interneurons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurochemical characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive interneurons in the developing rat cerebral cortex

et al. 2008

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Understanding the development of cortical interneuron phenotypic diversity is critical because interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in several neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in the developing and adult rat cortex were characterized in light of findings regarding interneuron neurochemistry and development. Cortical THimmunoreactive neurons were first observed two weeks postnatally and peaked in number three weeks after birth. At subsequent ages, the number of these cell profiles was gradually reduced, and they were seen less frequently in adults. No DNA fragmentation or active caspase 3 was observed in cortical TH cells at any age examined, eliminating cell death as an explanation for the decrease in cell number. Although cortical TH cells reportedly fail to produce subsequent catecholaminergic enzymes, we found that the majority of these cells at all ages contained phosphorylated TH, suggesting that the enzyme may be active and producing L-DOPA as an end-product. Morphological criteria and colocalization of some TH cells with glutamic acid decarboxylase suggests that these cells are interneurons. Previously, parvalbumin, somatostatin, and calretinin were demonstrated in nonoverlapping subsets of interneurons. Cortical TH neurons colocalized with calretinin but not with parvalbumin or somatostatin. These findings suggest that the transitory increase in TH cell number is not due to cell death but possibly due to alterations in the amount of detectable TH present in these cells, and that at least some cortical TH-producing interneurons belong to the calretinin-containing subset of interneurons that originate developmentally in the caudal ganglionic eminence.

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“…Clearly further studies in these Afrotherian species with a wider range of antibodies, such as those to phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) would be required to fully determine the implied homologies ascribed in this study (e.g. Weihe et al, 2006). We address this potential problem with the caveat of putative catecholaminergic neurons where appropriate in the text.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear organisation of some immunohistochemically identifiable neural systems in three Afrotherian species—Potomogale velox, Amblysomus hottentotus and Petrodromus tetradactylus

Calvey

Patzke

Kaswera

et al. 2013

Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy

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Paul.Manger@wits.ac.za 2 Highlights  The organisation of four neural systems is described in the brains of three Afrotherians not previously studied  These systems are organised in a similar manner to other mammals.  There are features that reflect both phylogenetic and functional signals in the evolution of these neural systems.  The golden mole appears to be a "hyper-cholinergic" mammal, possessing cholinergic neurons in novel regions of the brain. AbstractThe present study describes the organization of the cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic and orexinergic (hypocretinergic) neurons in the brains of the giant otter shrew, the Hottentot golden mole and the four-toed sengi, three members of the mammalian super orderAfrotheria. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible differences in the nuclear complement of these neural systems in comparison to previous studies on other Afrotheria species and other mammalian species. Brains of the golden mole, sengi and giant otter shrew were coronally sectioned and immunohistochemically stained with antibodies against cholineacetyl-transferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin and orexin-A. The majority of nuclei revealed in the current study were similar between the species investigated, to other Afrotherian species investigated, and to other mammals, but certain differences in the nuclear complement highlighted phylogenetic interrelationships. The golden mole was seen to have cholinergic interneurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb and amygdala. The four-toed sengi had cholinergic neurons in both colliculi and in the cochlear nucleus, but lacked the catecholaminergic A15d group in the hypothalamus. In both the golden mole and the four-toed sengi, the locus coeruleus (A6d group) was made up of few neurons. The golden mole also exhibited an unusual foreshortening of the brain, such that a major kink in the brainstem was evident. The results of this study, framed in a phylogenetic context, appear to indicate that the golden mole and four-toed sengi share a more recent common ancestor that diverged from the tenrec lineage early in the phylogenetic history of the Afrotherians.

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Three Types of Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Positive CNS Neurons Distinguished by Dopa Decarboxylase and VMAT2 Co-Expression

Cited by 125 publications

References 53 publications

Different subcellular distributions of the vesicular monoamine transporter, VMAT2, in subclasses of sympathetic neurons

Different subcellular distributions of the vesicular monoamine transporter, VMAT2, in subclasses of sympathetic neurons

Neurochemical characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive interneurons in the developing rat cerebral cortex

Nuclear organisation of some immunohistochemically identifiable neural systems in three Afrotherian species—Potomogale velox, Amblysomus hottentotus and Petrodromus tetradactylus

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