Three types of phenol and p-cresol catabolism in phenol- and p-cresol-degrading bacteria isolated from river water continuously polluted with phenolic compounds

Abstract

A total of 39 phenol- and p-cresol-degraders isolated from the river water continuously polluted with phenolic compounds of oil shale leachate were studied. Species identification by BIOLOG GN analysis revealed 21 strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens (4, 8 and 9 of biotypes A, C and G, respectively), 12 of Pseudomonas mendocina, four of Pseudomonas putida biotype A1, one of Pseudomonas corrugata and one of Acinetobacter genospecies 15. Computer-assisted analysis of rep-PCR fingerprints clustered the strains into groups with good concordance with the BIOLOG GN data. Three main catabolic types of degradation of phenol and p-cresol were revealed. Type I, or meta-meta type (15 strains), was characterized by meta cleavage of catechol by catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) during the growth on phenol and p-cresol. These strains carried C23O genes which gave PCR products with specific xylE-gene primers. Type II, or ortho-ortho type (13 strains), was characterized by the degradation of phenol through ortho fission of catechol by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C12O) and p-cresol via ortho cleavage of protocatechuic acid by protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (PC34O). These strains carried phenol monooxygenase gene which gave PCR products with pheA-gene primers. Type III, or meta-ortho type (11 strains), was characterized by the degradation of phenol by C23O and p-cresol via the protocatechuate ortho pathway by the induction of PC34O and this carried C23O genes which gave PCR products with C23O-gene primers, but not with specific xylE-gene primers. In type III strains phenol also induced the p-cresol protocatechuate pathway, as revealed by the induction of p-cresol methylhydroxylase. These results demonstrate multiplicity of catabolic types of degradation of phenol and p-cresol and the existence of characteristic assemblages of species and specific genotypes among the strains isolated from the polluted river water.

A bacterial aromatic aldehyde dehydrogenase critical for the efficient catabolism of syringaldehyde

“…SLG_11410 and SLG_38120 clustered with phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (StyD)33, p -cumic aldehyde dehydrogenase (CymC)34, and 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde dehydrogenase (DhaS)35. LigV was closely related to Vdhs of Pseudomonas strains23363738, salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase (NahF)39, and hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase (HcaB)30. Although Vdhs from Gram-positive bacteria, including Rhodococcus 27, Corynebacterium 24, and Amycolatopsis 18, are minimally distinguished from LigV and Pseudomonad Vdhs, they form a single cluster (the LigV/Vdh cluster).…”

Novel Regulator MphX Represses Activation of Phenol Hydroxylase Genes Caused by a XylR/DmpR-Type Regulator MphR in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

“…Thus, efforts to improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment via phenol degradation have gained special attention. Such efforts have led to a deeper understanding of phenol biodegradation mechanisms [1], [2].…”

“…In aerobic phenol degradation by microorganisms, phenol is normally converted by phenol hydroxylase into catechol, which flows into an ortho -cleavage pathway or a meta -cleavage pathway after the cleavage of an aromatic-ring by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase or catechol 2,3-dioxygenase [2]. Phenol hydroxylase, catalyzing the initial reaction in phenol degradation, is a key rate-limiting enzyme.…”

Occurrence of Plasmids in the Aromatic Degrading Bacterioplankton of the Baltic Sea

“…These components were chosen because the catabolic pathways for the degradation of these chemicals are often encoded by plasmids [2,3,6,15]. The bacterial strains obtained from nonselective R2A media were taken for further analysis only if they tested positive on mentioned selective media.…”

“…Bacterial strains from different enrichments were isolated after serial dilution and plating on R2A agar and selective media containing corresponding carbon sources during 10 days. Morphologically different colonies were picked from the plates, purified and studied with BOX-PCR for elimination of siblings [15]. Pure bacterial cultures were stored in 20% glycerol at −80 °C.…”