Three-step isolation method for sensitive detection of enterovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus, and small round structured viruses in water samples

Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food

“…The surveillance of irrigation water and water for washing the fresh produce is therefore essential to facilitate correct management procedures for the protection of fruit and vegetable growers and the health of farm workers and the consumers. In order to monitor the virological quality of water, an efficient combination of techniques has to be applied for the optimal recovery and detection of the low titres of viruses present in water (Gilgen et al 1997;Soule et al 2000). A variety of techniques have been described for the recovery of viruses from water-each with their own advantages and disadvantages as the physicochemical quality of the water, including but not limited to the pH, conductivity, turbidity, presence of particulate matter, and organic acids, can all affect the efficiency of recovery of viruses (Richards et al 2004).…”

“…A variety of techniques have been described for the recovery of viruses from water-each with their own advantages and disadvantages as the physicochemical quality of the water, including but not limited to the pH, conductivity, turbidity, presence of particulate matter, and organic acids, can all affect the efficiency of recovery of viruses (Richards et al 2004). Viral recovery and concentration techniques include ultrafiltration (Soule et al 2000;Divizia et al 1989a;Garin et al 1994), adsorption-elution using filters or membranes (Gilgen et al 1997;Passagot et al 1985;Senouci et al 1996), glass wool (Vilaginès et al 1993;Vilaginès et al 1997) or glass powder (Gajardo et al 1991;Menut et al 1993), two-phase separation with polymers (Schwab et al 1993), flocculation (Nasser et al 1995;Backer 2002), and the use of monolithic chromatographic columns (Branovic et al 2003;Kramberger et al 2004;Kovac et al 2009;Gutierrez-Aguirre et al 2009). The use of the glass wool adsorption-elution procedure for the recovery of enteric viruses from large volumes of water has proven to be a cost-effective method and has successfully been applied for the routine recovery of human enteric viruses from large volumes of water in the South African setting (Taylor et al 2001;Van Heerden et al 2004, 2005Vivier et al 2001Vivier et al , 2002Vivier et al , 2004, 2006Venter 2004).…”

Emerging (Bio)Sensing Technology for Assessing and Monitoring Freshwater Contamination - Methods and Applications

“…These pathogens can cause a variety of symptoms such as, non-bacterial gastroenteritis, infectious hepatitis, myocarditis and aseptic meningitis. EV can remain viable several months in water in adverse conditions (Tavares et al, 2005;Gilgen et al, 1997).…”

“…PCR assays are frequently used as complement technique to improve the detection of low concentration of virus (Henkel et al, 1997), despite being a costly and laborious technique. Several authors (Brassard et al, 2005;Gilgen et al 1997;Soule et al, 2000) presented Reverse TranscriptasePolymerase Chain Reaction [RT-PCR] as sensitive and efficient method for detection of few EV. Since these diagnostic methods are generally unwieldy and often have limited sensitivity, a variety of new virus detection methods, including microcantilevers (Ilic et al, 2004), evanescent wave biosensors (Donaldson et al, 2004), immunosorbant electron microscopy (Zheng et al, 1999) and atomic force microscopy (Kuznetsov et al, 2005), have emerged to conquer these limitations.…”

Novel concentration method for the detection of norovirus and sapovirus from water using minute particles of amorphous calcium phosphate

“…Cliver (1965) have reported the development of a membrane filtration method for concentrating enteroviruses. Other researchers further described modified or improved methods using several membrane filters (Beuret et al, 2002;Fuhrman et al, 2005;Gilgen et al, 1997;Haramoto et al, 2004Haramoto et al, , 2009Karim et al, 2009;Katayama et al, 2002;Preston et al, 1988;Shields et al, 1985;Sobsey & Jones, 1979;Sobsey & Glass, 1980, 1984. Combination methods with membrane filtration have also been developed: first using concentration by membrane filtration with an electropositively or electronegatively charged filter, followed by organic flocculation, polyethylene glycol precipitation or ultrafiltration for reconcentration after elution of the viruses from the virus-bound filter from the first step; and first using concentration by calcium flocculation-citrate dissolution (CFCD) method followed by ultrafiltration for the reconcentration (Katayama et al, 2002;Katzenelson et al, 1976;Lewis & Metcalf, 1988;Liu et al, 2007).…”