Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West

Abstract

This study examines the features, limitations and development prospects of three Russian territories bordering the Baltic Sea — St. Petersburg, and the Leningrad, and Kaliningrad region — amid the sharply heightened confrontation between Russia and the West, which has affected the Baltic region. The time frame spanning from 2014 to 2023 was chosen for the study. This period encompasses the sanctions imposed by Western countries and their associations, primarily the EU, in response to the return of Crimea and Sevastopol to Russia, and extends up to the present day, when the relations between Russia and the West, as many experts and politicians have emphasised, have reached a critical point and may require substantial changes in the global order, including at macro-regional levels, for a return to what was once considered ‘bbusiness as usual’. The study examines the development level and dynamics in the three regions, alongside their economic security. Another focus is on foreign policy and a geopolitical typology of the Baltic region states. The article investigates the impact of a changed geopolitical landscape on cross-border cooperation, the restructuring of foreign trade relations in Russia’s three Baltic regions, and the geopolitical and military factors influencing the development and security of these territories. Based on the findings, several suggestions are provided to promote the ongoing growth of Russia’s Baltic regions and enhance their economic and military security.

Sanctions risks and regional development: Russian case

“…The index value was higher for the northwestern regions (Komi Republic, Kaliningrad, Vologda, Leningrad, Arkhangelsk regions, Republic of Karelia), where close trade and cooperation ties were formed with geographically close countries of the European Union, as well as in automobile manufacturing centres previously integrated into global production chains by transnational corporations (Kaluga, Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Samara regions, Republic of Tatarstan, Moscow). All three regions on the Baltic Sea: St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, and Leningrad regions, as expected, were exposed to the greatest impact of sanctions risks [33]. For the Kaliningrad region, these risks became a significant incentive for a radical transformation of the economy and foreign trade relations [34].…”