Three-phase approach to improve deep groundwater supply availability in the Elidar district of Afar region of Ethiopia

Godfrey, Sam; Hailemichael, G.

doi:10.2166/washdev.2016.021

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The most appropriate technical intervention in a given area is determined by hydrological, hydrogeological and demographic constraints. For example in some areas of the Kolla groundwater levels can be up to 250 m deep [36][37][38] , well beyond the maximum capacity of a hand-pump (typically 45 m). In these areas motorised boreholes are the only appropriate technological solution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative performance of rural water supplies during drought

et al. 2020

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As rural African communities experience more frequent and extreme droughts, it is increasingly important that water supplies are climate resilient. Using a unique temporal dataset we explore rural water supply (n = 5196) performance during the 2015-16 drought in Ethiopia. Mean functionality ranged from 60% for motorised boreholes to 75% for handpumped boreholes. Real-time monitoring and responsive operation and maintenance led to rapid increases in functionality of hand-pumped and, to a lesser extent, motorised boreholes. Increased demand was placed on motorised boreholes in lowland areas as springs, hand-dugwells and open sources failed. Most users travelled >1 h to access motorised boreholes but <30 min, increasing to 30-60 mins, for hand-pumped boreholes. Boreholes accessing deep (>30 m) groundwater performed best during the drought. Prioritising access to groundwater via multiple improved sources and a portfolio of technologies, such as hand-pumped and motorised boreholes, supported by responsive and proactive operation and maintenance, increases rural water supply resilience.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative performance of rural water supplies during drought

et al. 2020

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“…In East and Southern Africa, the primary form of extraction of groundwater is through boreholes fitted with handpumps. Recent reviews of the level of functionality of handpumps indicate an increase in non-functionality of the technology due to, in part, the lowering groundwater levels which are occurring because of reduced precipitation and groundwater recharge [8]. According to the IPCC WGII-AR5, "Climate change will amplify existing stress on water availability in Africa."…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The methodology uses a combination of remote sensing data combined with ground truthing and appropriate deep groundwater drilling methods. This paper builds on an earlier [8] publication and provides a detailed case study of a deep well identified and drilled within the Jesoma sandstone formation of the Somali region in Ethiopia. This paper argues that development of deeper aquifers that are interconnected with surface and groundwater recharge zones is an effective solution in areas of Ethiopia affected by drought.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Groundwater as an Alternative Source of Water in the Ogaden Jesoma Sandstone Aquifers of Somali Region, Ethiopia

Godfrey¹,

Hailemichael

Serele

2019

Water

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Between 2015 and 2018, the Horn of Africa was affected by a series of climatic-induced events, namely El Nino, La Nina, and the Indian Ocean Dipole. These events modified the variability of rainfall patterns and resulted in extended periods of low rainfall, low recharge, and high evapotranspiration. That situation prompted humanitarian water professionals to finance the transportation of water from selected locations with high groundwater potential through water trucks to areas facing groundwater depletion and drought. To mitigate this, UNICEF identified alternative water supplies by exploring sustainable deeper groundwater sources. This paper describes a three-phase methodology of deep groundwater development of wells in the Ogaden Jesoma sandstone aquifers of the Somali region of the Horn of Africa, to a depth of 600 m below ground level. The methodology included the development of groundwater suitability maps using geological and remote sensing data, hydrogeological ground truthing of the maps, and then test drilling at the selected locations. The results concluded that the deep sandstone aquifer of Jesoma can provide fresh water with yields of 15 L/s to the local population of the Somali region. The study provided insights into deep groundwater identification and development as well as adaptive deep borehole drilling as a source for climate-resilient water supplies.

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“…UNICEF implemented a 3-phase approach to locating and providing groundwater, as detailed in the paper by Godfrey and Hailemichael (2016). Phase 1 of the approach generated remote-sensing data which was combined in Phase 2 with ground measurements of key hydrogeological parameters to produce the UNICEF model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The model is a weighted linear combination of hydrogeological parameters including permeability, slope, recharge, and lineament density, which has been calibrated using the expert judgements of local hydrogeologists. Phase 3 comprised the validation of the model through the drilling of production boreholes in sites identified by the UNICEF model (Godfrey and Hailemichael, 2016). The 3-phase approach was developed and implemented in 2015 and 2016 in 12 districts of Ethiopia and resulted in the drilling of 13 productive boreholes .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the performance and robustness of the UNICEF model for groundwater exploration in Ethiopia through application of the analytic hierarchy process, logistic regression and artificial neural networks

Josephs-Afoko

Godfrey

Campos

2018

WSA

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This study assesses the performance and robustness of the groundwater potential (GWP) maps produced by the UNICEF model for deep groundwater exploration in Ethiopia. The UNICEF model is a weighted linear combination of hydrogeological parameters including permeability, slope, recharge, and lineament density, which has been calibrated using the expert judgements of local hydrogeologists. In order to assess the performance and robustness of the model, three techniques were employed: the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), logistic regression (LR), and artificial neural networks (ANNs). Three study areas (Dallol, Halaba and Shinelle) were selected on the basis of climatic and geological variation, in addition to the availability of well data pertaining to depth and yield. The performance of the UNICEF model in predicting outcomes of the well data included in the study was assessed by computing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The solutions produced by the AHP and ANN were more accurate than the UNICEF model in determining the productivity of deep wells in the study data, whilst the LR model was less accurate than the UNICEF model. The groundwater productivity maps produced by the AHP and ANNs showed clear correlation with the maps produced by the UNICEF model, despite moderate (AHP) and severe (ANN) parameter perturbation, demonstrating the robustness of the UNICEF model. Whilst the AHP and ANN models demonstrated higher accuracy than the UNICEF model, this must be considered against the well data used to assess accuracy, which were drawn from a small sample of non-ideal distribution. Although this study focuses on case studies in Ethiopia the key findings are applicable internationally, namely, that the use of the AHP in data-scarce environments provides robust models, and that with the addition of easily obtainable well data the accuracy of modelling can be significantly increased through the application of ANNs.

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Three-phase approach to improve deep groundwater supply availability in the Elidar district of Afar region of Ethiopia

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Comparative performance of rural water supplies during drought

Comparative performance of rural water supplies during drought

Deep Groundwater as an Alternative Source of Water in the Ogaden Jesoma Sandstone Aquifers of Somali Region, Ethiopia

Assessing the performance and robustness of the UNICEF model for groundwater exploration in Ethiopia through application of the analytic hierarchy process, logistic regression and artificial neural networks

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