Three- or four-dimensional hysterosalpingo contrast sonography for diagnosing tubal patency in infertile females: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Influence Factors on Contrast Agent Venous Intravasation During Transvaginal 4‐Dimensional Hysterosalpingo‐Contrast Sonography

“…Transvaginal 4‐dimensional hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography is a low‐cost and noninvasive approach to assessment of tubal patency. The accuracy of TVS 4D‐HyCoSy is well recognized by clinicians, which makes it a common imaging technique for infertility screening and indirect assessment of fallopian tubal function in current clinical practice . The contrast agent–enhanced imaging approach is able to track the flow of the contrast agent injected into the uterine cavity, taking advantage of signal enhancement produced by differential acoustic reflection across the aero‐aqueous interface of the microbubble, providing real‐time dynamic visualization of fallopian tubal morphologic characteristics.…”

“…The accuracy of TVS 4D-HyCoSy is well recognized by clinicians, which makes it a common imaging technique for infertility screening and indirect assessment of fallopian tubal function in current clinical practice. 3,[17][18][19][20] The contrast agentenhanced imaging approach is able to track the flow of the contrast agent injected into the uterine cavity, taking advantage of signal enhancement produced by differential acoustic reflection across the aero-aqueous interface of the microbubble, providing real-time dynamic visualization of fallopian tubal morphologic characteristics. However, diffusion of the contrast agent into the uterine myometrium and/or venous vessels may lead to artifacts that compromise the visualization of tubal shape and patency.…”

Assessment of Fallopian Tube Fimbria Patency With 4‐Dimensional Hysterosalpingo‐Contrast Sonography in Infertile Women

“…However, the results from the subsequent laparoscopic chromopertubation with methylene blue showed 67 fallopian fimbriae with obstructions or surrounding pelvic adhesions. The overall accuracy of sonography was 92.9%, with sensitivity of 93.8% and specificity of 92.2%, which were slightly higher than previously reported . In our practice, the 4D HyCoSy real‐time dynamic observation of overflow of the contrast medium from the fallopian fimbria was followed by a normal saline flush under 2D sonographic observation and a study of fallopian fimbria morphologic characteristics and adhesions in a background of artificial pelvic dilatation.…”

“…The overall accuracy of sonography was 92.9%, with sensitivity of 93.8% and specificity of 92.2%, which were slightly higher than previously reported. 27,30,31 In our practice, the 4D HyCoSy realtime dynamic observation of overflow of the contrast medium from the fallopian fimbria was followed by a normal saline flush under 2D sonographic observation and a study of fallopian fimbria morphologic characteristics and adhesions in a background of artificial pelvic dilatation. This procedure is able to evaluate fallopian tubal patency and pelvic adhesions comprehensively.…”

Hysterosalpingo-foam sonography: patient selection and perspectives

“…It suggests that HyCoSy performed by observing for the appearance of fluid in the pouch of Douglas would not be useful in differentiating between unilateral and bilateral patency. However, advances in HyCoSy technique and ultrasound technology have now made it possible to identify the side of tubal blockage with comparable accuracy to that of HSG 23,29,38,39…”