Three Novel Adenylate Cyclase Genes Show Significant Biological Functions in Plant

Abstract

Adenylate cyclase is the key enzyme solely synthesizing cAMP which participates in cell metabolism regulations and functions as an intracellular second messenger. However, the biological functions of plant ACs have not been elucidated clearly for their poor conservative sequences and low detectable cAMP. We performed a systematic study of plant ACs by using Chinese jujube, whose fruit exhibits the highest cAMP content among plants. Three novel ACs were identified from Chinese jujube, and two types of methods including in vitro and in vivo were used to certificate ZjAC1−3 which can catalyze the conversion of ATP into cAMP. The biological functions of significant accelerations of seed germination, root growth, and flowering were found via overexpression of these AC genes in Arabidopsis, and these functions of ACs were further demonstrated by treating the AC-overexpressing transgenic lines and wild type Arabidopsis with bithionol and dibutyryl-cAMP. At last, transcriptome data revealed that the underlying mechanism of the biological functions of ACs might be regulation of the key genes involved in the circadian rhythm pathway and the hormone signal transduction pathway. This research established a foundation for further investigating plant AC genes and provided strong evidence for cAMP serving as a signaling molecule in plants.

Establishment and characterization of a new class of adenylate cyclases (class VII ACs) in plants

“…The class VII AC enzymes showed the highest catalytic activity under Mn 2+ , rather than Mg 2+ or Ca 2+ . For example, ZjAC1 and ZjAC2 had no activity under Mg 2+ and very weak activity under Ca 2+ [ 7 ]. Similarly, the catalytic efficiencies of MdTTM1, MdTTM2 and HpAC1 under Mn 2+ were also considerably higher than those under Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ( Fig.…”

“…The CDSs (complete coding sequences) of HpAC1 was synthesized by General Biosystems (Anhui) Co., Ltd. And inserted into the pET-28a vector. The specific methods of protein purification and AC activity detection referred to Liu et al [ 7 , 26 ].…”

“…Due to their breakthrough work, Sutherland and Kandel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 and 2000, respectively. In plants, cAMP has been demonstrated to function as a second messenger involved in pollen tube growth and reorientation in maize, and seed germination, root growth and flowering time regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana [ 1 , 7 , 8 ].…”

“…However, with the development of biotechnology and the discovery of the important functions of cAMP in plants, the study of plant ACs is becoming more and more active. At present, a total of 26 plant proteins with AC activity have been reported in nine plant species including three monocotyledon plants ( Zea mays , Hippeastrum × hybridum , and Brachypodium distachyon ), five dicot plants ( Nicotiana benthamiana , Arabidopsis thaliana , Glycine max , Malus domestica , and Ziziphus jujuba ) and one basal plant liverwort ( Marchantia polymorpha ) [ 1 , 7 , 8 , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] ]. However, the systematical classification study of plant AC is lacking, and the relationship between plant ACs and animal and microbial ACs is still unclear.…”

Preparation, Structural Analysis, and Intestinal Probiotic Properties of a Novel Oligosaccharide from Enzymatic Degradation of Huangshui Polysaccharide

“…Meanwhile, 2-hydroxybutyric acid was involved in the gluconeogenesis pathway, and γ-aminobutyric acid was a pivotal metabolite participating in various metabolic pathways, including butyric acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. 41 Consequently, it was evident that HSO had beneficial effects on host health by modulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota, thereby influencing diverse metabolic pathways, such as glucose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism in the body.…”