Three newly identified Immediate Early Genes of Bovine herpesvirus 1 lack the characteristic Octamer binding motif- 1

Abstract

Only three immediate early genes (IE) BICP0, BICP4 and BICP22 of Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) are known. These genes are expressed coordinately and their promoters are well characterized. We provide evidence for expression of three additional IE genes of BoHV-1 i.e. UL21, UL33 and UL34. These genes are expressed in the presence of cycloheximide (CH) at the same time as known IE genes. Surprisingly, the promoters of newly identified IE genes (UL21, UL33, UL34) lack the OCT-1 binding site, a considered site of transactivation of the BoHV-1 IE genes. The other difference in the promoters of the newly identified IE genes is the presence of TATA box at near optimal site. However, all the IE genes have similar spatial placements of C/EBPα, DPE and INR elements.

In-Depth Temporal Transcriptome Profiling of an Alphaherpesvirus Using Nanopore Sequencing

“…We can only speculate that the 100 mg/mL CHX concentration may have been insufficient for completely blocking the transcription of ul54 gene, or conceivably the tegument bICP4 transactivator was able to induce the observed low-level expression from this gene (BoHV-1 bICP4 transactivator has also been shown to be present in the viral tegument [80]). Pokhriyal and colleagues [81] have reported the identification of three additional IE genes (ul21, ul33, and ul34), however, we could not confirm this result. We assume that the authors might have applied inadequate amount of CHX for the infected cells.…”

Construction and Analysis of ceRNA Networks Reveal the Key Genes Associated with Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 Infection

“…The studies 38 have shown that the BoHV-1 genome is GC-rich, with SP1 consensus binding sites and other GC-rich Moines, which may promote binding to specific KLF transcription factors and stimulate viral transcription early in latency reactivation. 4 In the KEGG pathway, these DEGs were mostly enriched in the proteoglycans in cancer, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and viral carcinogenesis, mitogen-activated protein kinase and calcium signaling pathway. MAPK signaling pathways play an important role in pathogen–host interaction, some viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) affect host cell survival or cell cycle or viral replication or alter immune responses by MAPK-ERK cascade.…”

“… 2 The genome of BoHV-1 is about 135 KB, its diameter of virus particles is about 150 to 220 nm, enabling it to invade mucosal epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract and those of the reproductive tract of cattle and proliferate in large numbers at the site of infection, resulting in cytopathic effects (CPE). 3 BoHV-1 mainly infects cattle and causes respiratory and reproductive diseases and is associated with other clinical symptoms and systemic diseases of newborn calves, 4 which causes significant economic losses to beef and dairy cattle industry all over the world.…”

Comprehensive characterization of viral transcriptomes using long-read sequencing

“…The products of the first three serve as activators for all viral promoters, (Saydam et al , 2004(Saydam et al , , 2006 while the function of CIRC, which translates into a small, myristylated protein is unclear (Fraefel, Ackermann and Schwyzer, 1994) . Recently, Pokhriyal et al (Pokhriyal et al , 2018) found that three other genes (ul21, ul33 and ul34) are also expressed during the IE phase of the infection in cycloheximide-treated cells. These genes have a TATA box but lack the OCT-1 binding site characteristic of conventional IE genes.…”

“…We also detected this previously annotated isoform, although in very low abundance. Pokhriyal et al reported (Pokhriyal et al , 2018) the immediate early expression of three genes (ul21, ul33 and ul34) ought to be thought late. We could detect two of these (ul33 and ul34) to exhibit an early expression pattern, and in addition, found that 41 out of the 69 analysed genes are already expressing at 2h p.i., however, 66 only reach their maximum abundance following replication, suggesting that some early genes benefit from the onset of DNA replication.…”