Three major dietary patterns are all independently related to the risk of obesity among 3760 Japanese women aged 18–20 years

Abstract

Objective: To examine associations between dietary patterns and obesity. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: A total of 3760 Japanese female dietetic course students aged 18-20 years from 53 institutions in Japan. Measurements: Diet was assessed over a 1-month period with a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire with 148 food items, from which 30 food groups were created and entered into a factor analysis. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported body height and weight. Results: Mean BMI (7s.d.) was 20.972.8 kg m À2 . Four dietary patterns were identified. After adjustment for several confounding factors and total energy intake, the 'Healthy' pattern, characterized by high intakes of vegetables, mushrooms, seaweeds, potatoes, fish and shellfish, soy products, processed fish, fruit and salted vegetables, was significantly associated with a lower risk of BMIX25 (odds ratio of the highest quintile vs lowest, 0.57; 95% confidence interval: 0.37-0.87; P for trend o0.05). In contrast, the 'Japanese traditional' pattern, characterized by high intakes of rice, miso soup and soy products, and the 'Western' pattern, characterized by high intakes of meats, fats and oils, seasonings, processed meats and eggs, were both significantly associated with an increased risk of BMIX25 (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.17-2.67; P for trend o0.01 and OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.01-2.40; P for trend ¼ 0.04, respectively). Conclusion: Three major dietary patterns, Healthy, Japanese traditional and Western, were all independently and significantly related to the risk of obesity even among a relatively lean young Japanese female population.

Relative validity of dietary patterns derived from a self-administered diet history questionnaire using factor analysis among Japanese adults

“…According to an expert review (34) , the ability of a dietary pattern to reliably predict disease is also important in establishing the usefulness of the dietary pattern approach. We have already found the expected associations between dietary patterns derived from DHQ and some health outcomes such as bone mineral density (15) , obesity (16) and functional constipation (35) . Together with these previous association studies, the present findings suggest the utility of the DHQ in identifying dietary patterns and in studying the relationship between dietary patterns and health in epidemiological studies among Japanese people.…”

“…The food grouping scheme was generally based on the principles of similarity of nutrient profiles or culinary usage of the foods, mainly according to the food composition tables of Japanese foods, 5th revised and enlarged edition (29) , the classification of food groups used by the National Nutrition Survey (28) , and that used in previous studies (15,16) . Foods expressed in the DR data in the dry-weight state and before cooking were corrected to represent the amount as consumed.…”

“…Recently, the dietary pattern approach, namely the measurement of overall diet assessed a priori using a scorebased approach (1)(2)(3) or a posteriori using a data-driven technique such as factor analysis or cluster analysis (4,5) , has become an important alternative to the traditional single nutrient-oriented approach. The dietary pattern approach has been used in numerous nutritional epidemiological studies among different populations investigating associations with various health outcomes (5) , including CVD (6)(7)(8) , several types of cancer (9)(10)(11)(12) , type 2 diabetes (13) , obesity (14,15) , osteoporosis (16) and health behaviours (17) . Dietary assessment questionnaires are commonly used to characterize and explore dietary patterns predicting a health-disease risk (5) .…”

Sodium sources in the Japanese diet: difference between generations and sexes

“…Energy intake estimated by the DR of all participants except one was between ≥0·5 times the estimated energy requirement (EER) for people with the lowest physical activity level (EER I, shown in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2010 (24) ) and <1·5 times the EER for those with the highest physical activity level (EER III (24) ). This range was used as an inclusion criterion in several previous studies (25,26) . The one male participant whose energy intake was 48·8 % of EER I was included in the analysis as an exception.…”

Lifestyle risk factors for overweight in Japanese male college students

“…BMI in childhood, parents' weights and 'Western' dietary pattern, characterised by high intakes of meats, fats and oils, seasonings, processed meats and eggs, have been suggested to have an association with overweight or obesity among Japanese college students (7,8) . However, all these studies were conducted in a cross-sectional manner, and the causal relationship between lifestyle of Japanese college students and incidence of overweight has not been examined by a cohort design.…”