Three kinds of demand pull for the ARPANET into the Internet

Packard, Noel

doi:10.1080/23311886.2020.1720565

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Donner reports how data gathered by these spy operations became problematic to the justice system. These books confirm that 1960s surplus spy data was creating demand-pull for interactive ARPANET style computers to process data (Packard 2020). Although these books are not about the ARPANET per say, they exemplify Creation Story #2 literature because they validate in a second-hand way that the IC needed the computers Lick wanted to supply.…”

Section: Comparing Pre-privatization Creation Story #1 and #2 Literaturementioning

confidence: 75%

The ARPANET Into the Internet: A Tale of Two Networks

Packard

2020

SMC

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The Internet is a split civilian and military entity in physical and social construction. Investigating this split entity in all its manifestations is an important venture, but this study explores the split social construction of the ARPANET’s reported history. ARPANET/Internet literature shows a division between literature that does and does not include the history of the intelligence communities (IC) working relationship with the pre-privatized ARPANET. Two different genres of literature are discussed, charted in a Table and compared to aspects of the ARPANET’s known and reported developmental and privatization history. Different origin stories are discussed in a general way; then a pattern in the literature is explored, namely, how illegally and libelous spy data gathered in 1960s intelligence community (IC) operations and processed through the pre-privatized ARPANET, is acknowledged in indirect or secondhand ways, when ARPA demonstrated feasibility of the ARPANET ; while after pyritization the literature acknowledges IC spying through the commercialized Internet in firsthand and direct ways. The study examines how earlier and contemporary literature continues contesting the role that 1960s IC spy data played in demonstrating the feasibility of the ARPANET; a prerequisite test for the privatization of the ARPANET. Findings indicate ARPANET histories have excluded direct reporting about how ARPA and the IC demonstrated ARPANET’s feasibility prior to privatization. The conclusion is that understanding history about how ARPA and the IC demonstrated ARPANET’s feasibility, makes it easier to comprehend reports about how the Internet serves counterinsurgency purposes. The study confirms ongoing debates about the social construction of Internet history.

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Section: Comparing Pre-privatization Creation Story #1 and #2 Literaturementioning

confidence: 75%

The ARPANET Into the Internet: A Tale of Two Networks

Packard

2020

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“…Until the 80s, various methods of improving the quality of viewing were developed, until 1983's ARPANET officially switches to TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), setting the fundamental standard on which the Internet is still based today. The USA military is separating its own network from ARPANET and the domain name system is designed to automate name and address management on an evolving network (Packard, 2020).…”

Section: World War II Screen As a Means Of Propagandamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of New Thinking as a Consequence of the Influence of Screen Culture

Barnych¹,

Petrenko²,

Nechaienko³

et al. 2023

SMC

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The relevance of this paper lies in the increasingly global impact of screen culture on both social, political, cultural, and everyday aspects of social life. The purpose of the paper is a concise, structured, clear review of the subject of the influence of screen culture on the development of new social thinking, considering the concepts of “screen culture”, “influence”, the development of cinema and its use, and describing the interaction between them and the consequences of this interaction. In the process of writing this paper, theoretical methods of scientific cognition were used. Using the method of abstraction from the perspective of a general subject area, separate concepts were identified from the research. Using the synthesis method, the collected material was structured and combined into a scheme acceptable for research. Therewith, using the analytical method, the features, properties of these features, and the mutual influence and relationship between them were distinguished. To form many conclusions of the work, the method of analogies was also used since individual concepts and the general subject of the paper were considered, including in the context of global processes of changing the style and ways of thinking of humanity under the influence of digital technologies. Methods of description and generalisation helped to form the final part of the paper during the establishment of general properties and features of objects of study. As a result of writing the paper, the concepts of “screen culture”, the causes, process, and consequences of changing the thinking of a modern person and their mutual influence, as well as the results of this interaction in the conditions of a new digital reality and the transition of the developed part of the world to a new technological level of human development were described concisely, rather limited, but in a meaningful and structured way. This paper and the materials based on which it was written can be useful for teachers and students studying the field of journalism, political science, psychology, as well as a short introductory discourse for specialists or students of political strategists, speechwriters, and a wide range of interested readers.

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Legal imagination and the US project of globalising the free flow of data

et al. 2023

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Today, the US pursues the global capture of data (understood as a significant engine of growth) by way of bi- and plurilateral trade agreements. However, the project of securing the global free flow of data has been pursued ever since the dawn of digital telecommunication in the 1960s and the US has made significant legal efforts to institutionalise it. These efforts have two phases: In the first 1970s and 80s “freedom of information” phase, the legal justification (and contestation) of the global free flow of data hinged on imagining data as information, and its exchange as a practice of liberty. The second phase began in the late 1990s and continues today. In this phase, the free flow of data is aligned with a free-trade agenda in the context of first e-commerce and, starting in the 2000s, through attempts at creating a global public domain of personal data for the platform economy. The global free flow of data is an intrinsic aspect of informational capitalism. Assuming a constitutive, but not commanding role for law in informational capitalism, we conclude that the US attempt at ensuring free flow for its informational corporations is neither an entirely contingent nor a necessary outcome. It is a product of legal imagination.

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Three kinds of demand pull for the ARPANET into the Internet

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

The ARPANET Into the Internet: A Tale of Two Networks

The ARPANET Into the Internet: A Tale of Two Networks

The Development of New Thinking as a Consequence of the Influence of Screen Culture

Legal imagination and the US project of globalising the free flow of data

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