Setting the scene Modern societies are highly centralized. * They are organized politically as municipalities, regions, states, often even as federations often constitutionally in hierarchical orders, and economically as markets with centrally controlled multinational business groups, networks and value chains. Central and local governments periodically tally votes of the populations, collect taxes, and maintain property registries, enabling the creation of public institutions that redistribute wealth and maintain order. Centralized legislative and judiciary systems elaborate institutional laws and resolve potential disputes between public, private and hybrid actors. 1 What is remarkable, business entities as multinational enterprises are often even more centralized and powerful than political entities; for centuries, banks for example acted as central referees, keeping ledgers managing the inflow and outflows of wealth, and enabling intra-and transnational commerce and business to thrive despite of small and weak states. In pre-modern times great multinational companies as the Dutch and English East Indian Companies and in modern times centralized businesses, often in a transnational group form and organised as listed companies are on their behalf in charge of producing, aggregating, and distributing resources and services in value chains, generating substantial producer surpluses to their members. In order to obtain efficiency gains, these centralized organizations vertically and horizontally integrate, consolidating markets and generate enormous concentrations of power, often at the expense of the individuals and the planet. 2 * This Chapter is part of Sustainable Market Actors for Responsible Trade (SMART) research project, funded by the European Union under the Horizon 2020 programme, grant agreement 693642. The contents of this Chapter are the sole responsibility of the SMART project and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.