Three-dimensional visualisation of lymphatic drainage patterns in patients with cutaneous melanoma

Distinctive localization of antigen-presenting cells in human lymph nodes

“…21 This confirms our earlier observation that CD1a ϩ dermal APCs have the capacity to migrate in response to lymph node homing chemokines 12 and supports other published data showing that CD1a ϩ cells lacking Birbeck granules typical of Langerhans cells 24 could be detected in lymph nodes draining the skin of cancer patients 17 and in Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the APCs packed into the medullary cords expressed CD209; the majority of these APCs also expressed CD206, CD14, and CD68 (A-C). Anatomical definition was obtained by staining lymph node sections with antibodies detecting CD3 and CD21 to identify the T lymphocyte-rich paracortex and follicles, respectively (D).…”

“…Histology on all lymph nodes was reported as no abnormality detected, although the lymph nodes from patients undergoing surgery (for lymphadenopathy) showed mild reactive changes as described in Table S1. Lymph nodes were obtained from several different node fields, including the axillary (5 samples) and inguinal fields (1 sample), which commonly drain large areas of skin, 21 as well as cervical (3 samples) and hilar (3 samples) fields. Written informed consent from patients or next of kin was obtained in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, under protocols approved by the Austin Health Human Research Ethics Committee, Heidelberg.…”

Divergent Lymphatic Drainage Routes from the Heel to the Inguinal Region: Anatomic Study and Clinical Implications

“…These data, supplementing the results from previous studies, 9,10 may explain some unexpected lymphoscintigraphy findings seen clinically. [11][12][13] Lymphatico-venous anastomoses, [16][17][18][19][20] lymphatic vessel grafting, 21,22 , and free flap tissue transfer using lymph nodes 23,24 have all been performed to treat secondary lymphedema in the lower limb. Accurate anatomical understanding of the lymphatic routes [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]25,26 involved may assist in the preoperative preparation and intraoperative management of these patients, thus affecting their postoperative outcome.…”

EANM practice guidelines for lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel lymph node biopsy in melanoma

“…So, the aim of SLNB is to identify patients with lymph node metastases at an early stage. The SLN is usually located in a regional lymph node basin, but substantial interindividual differences exist [11,12]. SLNs may also be observed between the primary lesion and the nodal basin (so-called in-transit or interval SLNs) [13][14][15].…”