Three-dimensional visualisation of brooding behaviour in two distantly related brittle stars from South African waters

Landschoff, Jannes; Griffiths, C.L.

doi:10.2989/1814232x.2015.1095801

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…; Ziegler ). Landschoff & Griffiths () recently applied μCT to visualize the brooded young and their positioning and posture within single specimens of A. squamata and O. wahlbergii . Although from two different families, the Amphiuridae and Ophiodermatidae, respectively, both species showed a similar orientation of brooded young, with their mouths facing upwards and pressed against the bursal wall.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two lCT scans performed at two different resolutions from the same specimen of A. capensis (museum ID MB-A066817, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town) were available from a previous study (Landschoff et al 2015b). give detailed information on data acquisition and the quality of these particular scans using a General Electric Phoenix Nanotom S at the University of Stellenbosch CT Scanner Facility.…”

Section: Imaging and Lct Scansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microcomputed tomography is a well-established, non-destructive technique to visualize invertebrate morphology, including echinoderms, in a virtual, three-dimensional way (Dinley et al 2010;Ziegler et al 2011;Ziegler 2012). Landschoff & Griffiths (2015b) recently applied lCT to visualize the brooded young and their positioning and posture within single specimens of A. squamata and O. wahlbergii. Although from two different families, the Amphiuridae and Ophiodermatidae, respectively, both species showed a similar orientation of brooded young, with their mouths facing upwards and pressed against the bursal wall.…”

Section: Three-dimensional Visualizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonality and 3D‐visualization of brooding in the hermaphroditic ophiuroid Amphiura capensis

MacKinnon

Landschoff

Griffiths

2017

Invertebrate Biology

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This article describes the reproductive biology and developing young of Amphiura capensis, a small brooding brittle star found in the intertidal zones of Namibia and South Africa. Each month from October 2014 to September 2015, 20 specimens were collected from Mouille Point, Cape Town, South Africa, and dissected for internal examination of brooding characteristics. Disc diameters of 238 analyzed adults ranged 2.5–8.7 mm, with a mean of 6.15 mm (SD = 1.10 mm). Brooding was exhibited in 60.5% of all sampled individuals, of which 30.6% contained young of only one of six subjectively chosen size classes, 31.9% contained two size classes, and the rest (37.5%) contained more than two size classes at the same time. Young within the same bursa were commonly of the same size class, which suggests sequential brooding. However, multiple size classes of young were often present within different bursae of the same parent, which thus exhibited characteristics of both sequential and simultaneous brooding. Of 584 brooded young retrieved from dissections, an average of 2.5 (SD = 3.2) and a maximum of 14 young were recorded within a single parent. As no larval stages were observed, development was assumed to be direct. Three‐dimensional visualizations of μCT scans revealed the positions of the brooded young to be quite different from those in other species, facing with their mouths downwards instead of upwards, and not all pressed against the adult's bursal wall. Brooding occurred throughout the year, but numbers of young peaked in austral winter, coinciding with warmer water temperatures at this site. The duration of brooded development was estimated to be ~6 months, comparable with other species with similar reproductive biology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Imaging and Lct Scansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Three-dimensional Visualizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonality and 3D‐visualization of brooding in the hermaphroditic ophiuroid Amphiura capensis

MacKinnon

Landschoff

Griffiths

2017

Invertebrate Biology

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“…As conventional µCT studies are based on the principle of X-ray attenuation, hard parts will usually be the primary focus of analysis. Following the pioneering study by Stock et al (2002), the capacity of µCT to accurately depict mineralized echinoderm tissues in 3D has so far been demonstrated in studies on extant crinoids (Aschauer et al 2010, Ziegler 2012, asteroids (Ziegler 2012, Ziegler & Menze 2013, Blowes et al 2017, Schwertmann et al 2019, ophiuroids (Ziegler 2012, Landschoff & Griffiths 2015, Okanishi et al 2017, Clark et al 2019, echinoids (Stock et al , 2004a(Stock et al , 2012Ziegler et al 2010a;Mihaljević et al 2011;Ziegler 2012;Ziegler & Menze 2013;Goetz et al 2014;Grun & Nebelsick 2018a, 2018bLauer et al 2018), and holothuroids (Reich 2015) as well as a diverse array of fossil echinoderm taxa (Rahman & Clausen 2009, Zamora et al 2012, Rahman et al 2015, Reid et al 2018. In addition, several high-resolution SRµCT studies (David et al 2009;Rahman & Zamora 2009;Stock et al 2004bStock et al , 2010Stock et al , 2013Stock et al , 2017Stock & Rack 2014;Ziegler et al 2010bZiegler et al , 2012aSouto & Martins 2018) as well as two clinical CT studies conducted using larger specimens (Martony et al 2018, ...…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p class="HeadingRunIn"><strong>Combined visualization of echinoderm hard and soft parts using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography</strong></p>

Ziegler

2019

Zoosymposia

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Recent studies have shown that micro-computed tomography (µCT) must be considered one of the most suitable techniques for the non-invasive, three-dimensional (3D) visualization of metazoan hard parts. In addition, µCT can also be used to visualize soft part anatomy non-destructively and in 3D. In order to achieve soft tissue contrast using µCT based on X-ray attenuation, fixed specimens must be immersed in staining solutions that include heavy metals such as silver (Ag), molybdenum (Mo), osmium (Os), lead (Pb), or tungsten (W). However, while contrast-enhancement has been successfully applied to specimens pertaining to various higher metazoan taxa, echinoderms have thus far not been analyzed using this approach. In order to demonstrate that this group of marine invertebrates is suitable for contrast-enhanced µCT as well, the present study provides results from an application of this technique to representative species from all five extant higher echinoderm taxa. To achieve soft part contrast, freshly fixed and museum specimens were immersed in an ethanol solution containing phosphotungstic acid and then scanned using a high-resolution desktop µCT system. The acquired datasets show that the combined visualization of echinoderm soft and hard parts can be readily accomplished using contrast-enhanced µCT in all extant echinoderm taxa. The results are compared with µCT data obtained using unstained specimens, with conventional histological sections, and with data previously acquired using magnetic resonance imaging, a technique known to provide excellent soft tissue contrast despite certain limitations. The suitability for 3D visualization and modeling of datasets gathered using contrast-enhanced µCT is illustrated and applications of this novel approach in echinoderm research are discussed.

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“…It has also been applied to marine invertebrates including sponges [11], cnidarians [12], polychaetes [13–15], rhizocephalans [16], bivalves [11], ophiuroids [17,18], and echinoids [19]. In higher taxa of Crustacea, the technique has been used to study sexual reproductive organs or internal anatomy [20–22], such as the lung complexity of terrestrial fiddler crabs [23], or the vascular system and inner anatomy in Anomura [24–26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroCT imaging applied to description of a new species of Pagurus Fabricius, 1775 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae), with selection of three-dimensional type data

Landschoff¹,

Komai²,

Plessis³

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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A new species of hermit crab, Pagurus fraserorum n. sp. (family Paguridae) is described from rocky subtidal reefs off KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and illustrated using both conventional drawings and colour photographs, and via three-dimensional (3D) X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT). Because of the limitation μCT has in detecting very fine and soft structures, a novel approach of manually drawing setation and spinulation onto the two-dimensional images of the 3D visualizations was used to illustrate the pereopods. In addition, an interactive figure and rotation movie clips in the supplement section complement the species description, and the 3D raw data of the 3D type data are downloadable from the Gigascience Database repository. The new species is the sixth species of Pagurus Fabricius, 1775 reported from South Africa and is closely allied to the Indo-Pacific P. boriaustraliensis Morgen, 1990 and P. pitagsaleei McLaughlin, 2002, from which it differs by its shorter ocular peduncles, by the armature of the carpus of the right cheliped, and also in colouration. This study presents the first description of a hermit crab in which a majority of taxonomic details are illustrated through 3D volume-rendered illustrations. In addition, colour photographs and COI molecular barcodes are provided, and the latter compared to COI sequences of specimens from Western Australia previously identified as P. boriaustraliensis and of specimens of P. pitagsaleei from Taiwan, as well as to three additional South African members of the genus. The South African taxon was confirmed to be genetically distinct from all species tested.

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Three-dimensional visualisation of brooding behaviour in two distantly related brittle stars from South African waters

Cited by 13 publications

References 37 publications

Seasonality and 3D‐visualization of brooding in the hermaphroditic ophiuroid Amphiura capensis

Seasonality and 3D‐visualization of brooding in the hermaphroditic ophiuroid Amphiura capensis

<p class="HeadingRunIn"><strong>Combined visualization of echinoderm hard and soft parts using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography</strong></p>

MicroCT imaging applied to description of a new species of Pagurus Fabricius, 1775 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae), with selection of three-dimensional type data

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