Three‐Dimensional Vasculature of the Bovine Liver

Shirai, Wataru; Sato, Takashi; Shibuya, Hitoshi; Naito, Katsumi; Tsukise, Azuma

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00623.x

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…This finding was also in agreement with the very small size of a liver lobe that possibly represent the quadrate lobe and the complete absence of the caudate lobe (lobus caudatus), which are normally drained by the large middle hepatic vein (vena hepatica media) [25]. The specific anatomy of the liver and its midline position in the abdominal cavity support the concept of a polysplenia syndrome/left isomerism in this animal.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Situs ambiguus in a Brown Swiss cow with polysplenia: case report

et al. 2013

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BackgroundLaterality defects are rare in cattle and usually manifest as asplenia or polysplenia syndrome. These syndromes may be associated with situs ambiguus, which is a dislocation of some but not all internal organs. The objective of this report was to describe the clinical and post-mortem findings including the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of selected organs in a cow with polysplenia and situs ambiguus.Case presentationA 3.5-year-old Brown Swiss cow was referred to the Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, because of poor appetite and recurrent indigestion. A diagnosis of situs ambiguus was based on the results of physical examination, ultrasonography, exploratory laparotomy and post-mortem examination. The latter revealed that the rumen was on the right side and lacked compartmentalisation. There were two spleens, one on the left (26.5 x 12.0 cm) and one on the right (20.5 x 5.5 cm), and the omasum was located craniolateral to the ruminoreticulum on the left. The abomasum was located on the right, although it had initially been displaced to the left. The three-lobed liver occupied the left and central cranioventral aspect of the abdominal cavity (cavum abdominis). Only the right and left hepatic veins (vena hepatica dextra and sinistra) drained into the thoracic segment of the caudal vena cava (vena cava caudalis), and histological changes in the liver were indicative of impaired haemodynamics. The mesojejunum was not fused with the mesentery of the spiral loop (ansa spiralis) of the ascending colon (colon ascendens). The latter was folded and the transverse colon (colon transversum) ran caudal to the cranial mesenteric artery (arteria mesenteria cranialis). Fibrotic constrictions were seen in the lumen of the caecum and proximal loop (ansa proximalis) of the ascending colon. Both kidneys were positioned retroperitoneally in a lumbar position. The lumbar segment of the caudal vena cava did not descend to the liver and instead drained into the right azygous vein (vena azygos dextra).ConclusionsRecurrent digestive problems and poor production in this patient may have been caused by a lack of rumen compartmentalisation, abnormal abomasal motility, constrictions in the large intestine (intestinum crassum) and fibrosis of the liver. The abomasum had abnormal motility most likely because it was anchored inadequately and only at its cranial aspect to the liver by the lesser omentum (omentum minus) and to the dorsal abdominal wall and rumen by a short greater omentum (omentum majus).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Situs ambiguus in a Brown Swiss cow with polysplenia: case report

et al. 2013

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“…The right and caudal lobe branches are multiple, variable, and small, emerging directly from the main portal vein or from a single/multiple right trunk and, as lobe separation is not evident in the bovine liver, these branches cannot be confidently labelled by ultrasound examination. This finding is consistent with descriptions in the anatomical literature [18,21] and is referred to occasionally as “stellate branches” [1] (Figure 4A). The largest branch that can be identified travelling deep ventromedially corresponds to the proximal part of the left portal vein or pars transversa [18,21] (Figure 4B).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This finding is consistent with descriptions in the anatomical literature [18,21] and is referred to occasionally as “stellate branches” [1] (Figure 4A). The largest branch that can be identified travelling deep ventromedially corresponds to the proximal part of the left portal vein or pars transversa [18,21] (Figure 4B).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

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Characterization of the Normal Portal and Hepatic Blood Flow of Adult Holstein-Friesian Cows

Barreiro-Vázquez

Miranda

Barreiro-Vilanova

et al. 2019

Animals

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In the past, hepatic blood flow in cows was invasively characterized to investigate different pathologies and physiological conditions. However, hepatic blood flow can be easily evaluated with transabdominal Doppler ultrasound. Sixteen healthy adult non-lactating, non-pregnant Holstein-Friesian cows were examined using B-mode and Doppler ultrasound between the right flank and 9th intercostal space to establish the best approach to the different parts of the portal and hepatic vein systems, and determine normal blood flow characteristics. The main portal vein was characterized by a turbulent, high-velocity flow due to the opposing confluence of the splenic and cranial mesenteric veins, while hepatic and caudal vena cava veins have laminar blood flow, in which the phasicity is considered mainly respiratory in origin. Reference values were determined in relation to the anatomical point of observation. In conclusion, transabdominal Doppler ultrasound of the portal system is a simple technique that allows non-invasive characterization of portal and hepatic blood haemodynamics in cows.

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“…The number of flukes and their localization in hepatic ducts and bile ducts were examined anatomicopathologically on the basis of segmentation of the normal bovine liver. The basic diagram of hepatic segments has been described elsewhere (Shirai et al., 2005).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomicopathological Study of Vascular and Biliary Systems Using Cast Samples of Fasciola-infected Bovine Livers

Shirai¹,

Sato²,

Shibuya³

et al. 2006

J Vet Med Series A

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In 117 livers with fascioliasis, this study was focused on the number of Fasciola, the number and intrahepatic localization of affected hepatic ducts and bile ducts, and the degree of fibrosis in the hepatic segments and bile ducts. The degree of pathological changes in bile ducts caused by fascioliasis was classified into five levels. The site of Fasciola habitation was most often the hepatic ducts of the porta hepatis: it was the left hepatic duct in 101 livers and the right hepatic duct in 88 livers. Casts were prepared by infusing synthetic resin into the hepatic arterial, portal, hepatic venous and biliary systems of 15 bovine livers with fascioliasis and then examined. In the left lobe, quadrate lobe, and caudate process where atrophic fibrosis was noted, the bile ducts became rod-shaped by losing branches, and the samples resembled dead branches of liver. Portal branches were thinned or completely terminated with marked fibrosis. Fine and irregular newly formed bile ducts not parallel with portal branches were observed in livers with markedly chronic fascioliasis. Distal portal branches in the right lobe, caudate lobe, and papillary process showed hypertrophic proliferative changes. The arterial system was generally well developed in thickened walls of bile ducts and formed vascular beds, and surrounded the bile ducts as tubes. In livers with severe fibrosis, capillaries were markedly developed and resembled glass cotton.

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Three‐Dimensional Vasculature of the Bovine Liver

Cited by 10 publications

References 10 publications

Situs ambiguus in a Brown Swiss cow with polysplenia: case report

Situs ambiguus in a Brown Swiss cow with polysplenia: case report

Characterization of the Normal Portal and Hepatic Blood Flow of Adult Holstein-Friesian Cows

Anatomicopathological Study of Vascular and Biliary Systems Using Cast Samples of Fasciola-infected Bovine Livers

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