Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of the equine fetus

Kotoyori, Yasumitsu; Yokoo, Naoki; Ito, Katsuhiko; Murase, Harutaka; Sato, Fumio; Korosue, Kenji; Nambo, Yasuo

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.020

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…On the other hand, we succeeded in creating three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound images for the first time in equine reproduction [19]. Unlike conventional linear transducers, the convex transducer used in 3D ultrasound examinations in the previous report is bulb-shaped and was able to observe a wide area, particularly in the cranial direction, with regard to both angle (60 degrees) and depth (30 cm) without discomfort to the mare.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Equine Fetal Growth Throughout Gestation in Normal Mares Using a Convex Transducer

Murase

Endo

Tsuchiya³

et al. 2014

J. Vet. Med. Sci.

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It has not been common to perform regular ultrasound examination of the fetus in equine practice, due to the increasing volume of the uterus caused by fetal development. The convex three-dimensional transducer is bulb-shaped and is able to observe wide areas. In addition, its operation is simple, making it easy to create appropriate angles for various indices using a transrectal approach. The aim of this study was to measure Thoroughbred fetal growth indices throughout gestation using a convex transducer and to clarify the detectable period of some indices for clinical use. We demonstrated changes in fetal indices, such as crown rump length (CRL), fetal heart rate (FHR), fetal eye and kidney and the combined thickness of uterus and placenta (CTUP). CTUP increased from 30 weeks of gestation, and FHR peaked at 8 weeks and then decreased to term. CRL could be observed until 13 weeks due to its wide angle, longer than in previous reports. Fetal eye and kidney could be observed from 10 and 28 weeks, respectively, and these increased with pregnancy progress. The present results showed the advantage of transrectal examination using a convex transducer for evaluation of normal fetal development. Although ultrasonographic examination in mid- to late-gestation is not common in equine reproductive practice, our comprehensive results would be a useful basis for equine pregnancy examination.

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confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Equine Fetal Growth Throughout Gestation in Normal Mares Using a Convex Transducer

Murase

Endo

Tsuchiya³

et al. 2014

J. Vet. Med. Sci.

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“…Sua introdução na prática obstétrica ocorreu com Devore e colaboradores em 2003, e atualmente permite uma análise complexa do embrião e estruturas anexas durante os diferentes períodos da gestação de mulheres (BORTOLETTI FILHO et al, 2008;ENGLAND;RUSSO, 2006;HILDEBRANDT et al, 2007). Em veterinária os estudos são recentes sobre a aplicabilidade da US 3D/4D na avaliação da gestação de animais (FELICIANO et al, 2007;HILDEBRANDT et al, 2007;HILDEBRANDT et al, 2012;KOTOYORI et al, 2012). Kotoyori et al (2012), a US 3D na primeira metade da gestação em equinos foi útil como uma modalidade adicional para análise dos desenvolvimento fetal e determinação do sexo do feto equino.…”

Section: Gestaçãounclassified

“…Em veterinária os estudos são recentes sobre a aplicabilidade da US 3D/4D na avaliação da gestação de animais (FELICIANO et al, 2007;HILDEBRANDT et al, 2007;HILDEBRANDT et al, 2012;KOTOYORI et al, 2012). Kotoyori et al (2012), a US 3D na primeira metade da gestação em equinos foi útil como uma modalidade adicional para análise dos desenvolvimento fetal e determinação do sexo do feto equino. Além disso, a aplicação de ultrassonografia 3D pode gerar novas oportunidades para avaliação da anatomia fetal normal e de detecção de anomalias.…”

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Gestational Ultrasonography 3d/4d in Small Animals

et al. 2015

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RESUMO:A presente revisão tem por objetivo descrever as atuais utilizações da ultrassonografia tridimensional (US 3D/4D) em obstetrícia veterinária de pequenos animais. A ultrassonografia tridimensional surgiu na década de 1950 e começou a ter maior aplicabilidade nas áreas de obstetrícia e ginecologia no início dos anos 1980. Essa técnica ultrassonográfica 3D facilita o estudo volumétrico de órgãos e estruturas e por permitir um terceiro plano da imagem (plano coronal) possibilita o cálculo volumétrico mais precisamente, principalmente aqueles órgãos com formato irregular. A modalidade 4D é utilizada na avaliação de estruturas e funções via correlação imagem espaço-temporal. Mesmo sendo uma técnica disponível há mais de 30 anos em medicina humana, na veterinária os estudos são recentes e necessários para demonstrar a especificidade e sensibilidade da técnica ultrassonográfica na rotina da obstetrícia de pequenos animais.Palavras-chave: Pequenos animais. Ultrassonografia volumétrica. Obstetrícia. GESTATIONAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY 3D/4D IN SMALL ANIMALSSUMMARY:This review aims to describe the current use of three-dimensional ultrasonography (U.S. 3D/4D) in small animal veterinary obstetrics. The three-dimensional ultrasonography emerged in the 1950s and started to have wider applicability in the areas of obstetrics and gynecology in early 1980. This technique facilitates volumetric study of organs and structures and allow a third image plane enables volumetric calculation more accurately, especially those irregularly shaped bodies. The 4D method is used to evaluate structures and functions via image correlation temporal space. Even being a technique available for more than 30 years in human medicine, in veterinary studies are needed to demonstrate the specificity and sensitivity of the technique in routine obstetric ultrasound of small animals.

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“…With the modern 3D ultrasound imaging it is possible to visualise congenital and clinical disorders such as fetal deformities in the mare (Kotoyori et al, 2012).…”

Section: Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 62 2014mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transabdominal ultrasonographic evaluation of fetal well-being in the late-term mare and cow

Vincze

Baska

Szenci

2014

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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In the equine practice, attempts have been made to examine the fetus in the second and third trimester of pregnancy but all of the available methods have limitations. Until now, transabdominal ultrasonography has been regarded as the most informative examination. This method allows us to measure fetal heart rate, fetal activity as well as the quality and quantity of the fetal fluids. A modified biophysical profile for horses was used by several researchers in the USA from the 1990s as a gold standard. However, it is not sensitive enough and, in the authors' experience, professionals can face difficulties during its application (e.g. for measuring aortic diameter and fetal breathing movements). In cows, this method was first used for this purpose by a Canadian research group in 2007. They reported that transabdominal ultrasound was promising but showed low sensitivity in this species. The present studies show that birth weight cannot be predicted from fetal aortic diameter measurement in cows as suggested by other researchers. Transabdominal ultrasound needs special equipment (2-3.5 MHz convex transducer) and basic ultrasonographic knowledge; however, we suggest that in most cases it can be performed with the dam placed in a stock and without shaving the examination area. The method provides useful information within 30-40 minutes, enabling the examiner to determine whether or not the fetus is alive and to recognise placentitis or twins. This technique also allows measuring the combined thickness of the uteroplacental unit, and the authors' ongoing study showed higher normal values in Lipizzaner mares compared to values in other breeds. In conclusion, with the help of advanced techniques, simple and low-cost methods should be developed for the evaluation of the pregnant dam and its fetus to assess fetal viability in the veterinary practice.

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Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of the equine fetus

Cited by 18 publications

References 13 publications

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Equine Fetal Growth Throughout Gestation in Normal Mares Using a Convex Transducer

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Equine Fetal Growth Throughout Gestation in Normal Mares Using a Convex Transducer

Gestational Ultrasonography 3d/4d in Small Animals

Transabdominal ultrasonographic evaluation of fetal well-being in the late-term mare and cow

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