Three-dimensional, two-species magnetohydrodynamic studies of the early time behaviors of the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite G2 barium release

Abstract

We present a three-dimensional, two-species (Ba þ and H þ ) MHD model to study the early time behaviors of a barium release at about 1 R E like Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite G2, with emphasis placed on the three-dimensional evolution of the barium cloud and its effects on the ambient plasma environment. We find that the perturbations caused by the cloud are the combined results of the initial injection, the radial expansion, and the diamagnetic effect and propagate as fast MHD waves in the magnetosphere. In return, the transverse expansion and the cross-B motion of barium ions are constrained by the magnetic force, which lead to a field-aligned striation of ions and the decoupling of these ions from the neutrals. Our simulation shows the formation and collapse of the diamagnetic cavity in the barium cloud. The estimated time scale for the cavity evolution might be much shorter if photoionization time scale and field aligned expansion of barium ions are considered. In addition, our two species MHD simulation also finds the snowplow effect resulting from the momentum coupling between barium ions and background H þ , which creates density hole and bumps in the background H þ when barium ions expanding along the magnetic field lines. V C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.

3D Multi‐fluid MHD Simulation of the Early Time Behavior of an Artificial Plasma Cloud in the Bottom Side Ionosphere

“…A 3D two‐species single‐fluid magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model was used to investigate the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) mission G2 barium release in the magnetosphere (Xie et al., 2014). Their model solved the continuity, momentum, and energy equations for the time‐dependent evolution of the ions and magnetic field.…”

“…Numerous models have been developed over the decades using a variety of approaches (e.g., fluid models, particle‐in‐cell models, hybrid models, chemistry models, and empirical models) for investigating the dynamics and stability of artificial plasma clouds (Bernhardt et al., 2017; Holmes et al., 2017; Ma & Schunk, 1991, 1993, 1994; Pedersen et al., 2017; Winske, 1989; Xie et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2019). Here we are primarily interested in three‐dimensional (3D) fluid models.…”

Explore the Echo Characteristics of HF Radar in Artificial Disturbance Ionosphere Using Ray‐Tracing Technology

“…So far, a large number of active release experiments have been carried out on the artificial perturbation ionosphere (Bernhardt et al., 2011; Huba et al., 1992; Klobuchar & Abdu, 1989; Pongratz, 1981; Retterer et al., 2017). On the basis of experimental results, many scholars have carried out both theoretical and numerical simulation studies on the disturbance process of chemicals after their release in the ionosphere and the generation mechanism of related phenomena (Anderson & Bernhardt, 1978; Bernhardt, 1984, 1987; Choueiri et al., 2001; Hu et al., 2011; Ma & Schunk, 1994; Mitchell et al., 1985; Xie et al., 2014; X. L. Zhu et al., 2020).…”

Ionospheric disturbance caused by artificial plasma clouds under different release conditions

“…The main processes of the generation and evolution of artificial plasma clouds in the ionosphere include the expansion of neutral clouds, the photoionization process and the movement of charged particles bound by magnetic fields. The evolution characteristics of artificial plasma clouds have been studied for many years both experimentally and theoretically (e.g., Lloyd and Haerendel 1973;Morse and Destler 1973;Mitchell et al 1985;Bernhardt et al 1987;Zakharov 2002;Xie et al 2014). In 1967, Haerendel et al conducted a preliminary qualitative discussion on artificial plasma clouds through a simplified low-density perturbation model.…”

“…Mitchell et al (1985) presented a two-dimensional, electrostatic model to simulate a plasma cloud injected transverse to the ambient geomagnetic field with high velocities. To comprehensively describe the expansion and three-dimensional motion of artificial plasma clouds, more detailed three-dimensional models have been established (e.g., Rozhansky et al 1990;Drake et al 1988;Zalesak et al 1988Zalesak et al , 1990; Gatsonis and Hastings 1991;Ma and Schunk 1991, 1994Delamere et al 2001;Xie et al 2014), and the expansion characteristics of plasma clouds under the influence of background neutral wind, electromagnetic fields, collisions between particles and inertia have been studied.…”