Three‐dimensional surface acquisition systems for the study of facial morphology and their application to maxillofacial surgery

Kau, Chung How; Richmond, Stephen; Incrapera, Angela; English, Jeryl D.; Xia, James J.

doi:10.1002/rcs.141

Cited by 181 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…1 The 3D imaging methods include photogrammetry, laser acquisition systems, structured light systems, video imaging, and x-ray methods such as computerized tomography (CT), cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US). 2 Clinicians have been using 2-dimensional (2D) diagnostic methods to the present day (lateral and frontal cephalogram, dental panoramic tomogram [DPT], intraoral and extraoral photographs) because 3D systems have been expensive and complex to use. However, technological advances have brought us to the place where acquisition of 3D human data is safe and affordable, and the input is as precise and easy as 3D physical object input.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Morphology of Slovenian and Welsh White Populations Using 3-Dimensional Imaging

Bozic

Kau

Richmond

et al. 2009

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To use 3-dimensional (3D) facial averages to test the hypothesis that the facial morphologies of 2 European white groups (Slovenia and Wales) have no differences. Methods: Fifty males and 50 females from Wales and 43 males and 44 females from Slovenia were included in the study. Subjects ranged from 18 to 30 years of age. Four subgroups were formed: Slovenian males (SM), Slovenian females (SF), Welsh males (WM), and Welsh females (WF). 3D data were acquired using a laser scanning system. An average face for each subgroup was obtained using a previously validated mathematical algorithm. Facial differences were quantified after average faces had been superimposed using a previously validated method. Results: A total of 187 subjects from Slovenia and Wales formed 4 gender-specific subgroups. Absolute differences between subgroups ranged from 0.36 mm to 1.51 mm. The mean linear facial difference between SF and WF was 0.64 Ϯ 0.51 mm, and between SM and WM was 0.36 Ϯ 0.41 mm. Similarities between subgroups ranged from 13.43% (SF, WF) to 70.23% (SM, WM). Slovenian males and females tend to express Class III facial morphology when compared with the Welsh gender-specific subgroups. Male faces, in general, have more pronounced nasal, brow, and frontal regions and mandibles when compared with females. Female faces have more prominent malar and periocular areas. Conclusion:The hypothesis is rejected. Morphologic differences exist between Slovenian and Welsh faces. (Angle Orthod. 2009;79:640-645.)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Morphology of Slovenian and Welsh White Populations Using 3-Dimensional Imaging

Bozic

Kau

Richmond

et al. 2009

The Angle Orthodontist

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“…However, its disadvantages in facial soft-tissue imaging are the long scanning time and the radiation exposure [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Facial Morphologies of Identical Twins Using Three-Dimensional Photography: A Case Report

Altındiş¹,

Hatunoğlu²,

Toptan³

2016

Med-Science

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The facial morphologies of identical twins were compared using the 3dMD three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry system. 3D images of the faces of 27-year-old identical twins were acquired and then superimposed. The differences were shown in a color histogram generated using 3dMD Vultus software. The faces of the twins differed in the areas of the zygomatic region, lips, and cheeks. There were no prominent differences in other parts of their faces. Differences in the facial morphology of twins can be detected by superimposing 3D photogrammetry generated images and displaying the data as a color histogram.

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“…Laser technology utilises optical principles and essentially is a stereoscopic technique in which the distance and morphology of the object is calculated by computer software using a laser source and CCD detector (Kusnoto and Evans, 2002;Kau et al, 2007).…”

Section: Lasersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3D laser scanning is simple, easy to use and non invasive to the patient with the technique providing an efficient, valid and reproducible method of recording a subject's face (Kau et al, 2005b;Kau et al, 2007).…”

Section: Lasersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Validity of 3dMD Vultus in Predicting Soft Tissue Morphology Following Orthognathic Surgery

Ullah

Turner

Khambay

2014

British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

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Objectives:To determine the validity of 3dMD Vultus in predicting soft tissue morphology following orthognathic surgery. Methods:Thirteen patients with a skeletal discrepancy that required surgical correction limited to a Le Fort I surgical advancement osteotomy were included within the study. These patients had previously undergone a CBCT scan immediately before surgery (T1) and 6 months after surgery (T2).To permit validation, hard and soft tissues were linked for each time point and the hard tissues superimposed on the cranial vault and base. Using 3dMD Vultus virtual surgery was carried out to position the mandible and maxilla at T1 to the post-surgical position at T2. The resulting 3D soft tissue prediction mesh was then compared to the actual soft tissue mesh at T2 by segmenting both meshes at distinct anatomically areas of the face. The absolute distance between meshes for each region was then calculated using a custom developed computer program.

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Three‐dimensional surface acquisition systems for the study of facial morphology and their application to maxillofacial surgery

Abstract: Background There has been a growing interest in three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging devices over the last few years.

Cited by 181 publications

References 76 publications

Facial Morphology of Slovenian and Welsh White Populations Using 3-Dimensional Imaging

Facial Morphology of Slovenian and Welsh White Populations Using 3-Dimensional Imaging

Comparison of the Facial Morphologies of Identical Twins Using Three-Dimensional Photography: A Case Report

The Validity of 3dMD Vultus in Predicting Soft Tissue Morphology Following Orthognathic Surgery

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