Three‐dimensional simulations of long‐lived tracers using winds from MACCM2

Fractional release factors of long-lived halogenated organic compounds in the tropical stratosphere

“…The highest seasonal variability is observed in polar regions where an isolated vortex forms in winter inside which characteristic correlations are found (e.g. Waugh et al, 1997). In contrast, seasonal correlation changes in the tropical stratosphere are believed to be smaller (Plumb, 2002(Plumb, , 2007 which is why the analysed air samples collected in different seasons in 2005 were combined in one data set here.…”

Seasonal stratospheric intrusion of ozone in the upper troposphere over India

“…To identify stratospheric intrusion across the tropical tropopause, we also used the correlation between CO and ozone. Waugh et al (1997) introduced the concept for tracers (N 2 O versus NO y ) correlation to investigate tropospheric transport. They used the concept of mixing lines to identify cross tropopause mixing.…”

Total column CO<sub>2</sub> measurements at Darwin, Australia – site description and calibration against in situ aircraft profiles

“…For the upper troposphere and stratosphere we compare the model results with two alternatives. Firstly, we take the alternative model results of Waugh et al (1997) for the stratosphere, which showed a good match to previous aircraft measurements. The relationship between CO 2 and potential temperature in this modeled profile for the tropics during MarchApril is estimated to be −0.0125 µmol mol −1 K −1 , and this gradient applied from the tropopause height upwards.…”

“…This so-called airmassdependent-artifact is believed to arise from spectroscopic deficiencies and has been corrected in the data presented here. A description of this correction is given in Appendix A, and further detail given by Wunch et al (2010a). 6 O 2 and CO 2 reproducibility X CO 2 and X O 2 are filtered for relative solar intensity variation of less than ten percent during each scan, and retrieval error of less than 0.02 (∼2%) in the calculated profile scale factor.…”

“…The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) (http://www.tccon.caltech.edu; Wunch et al, 2010a) is a network of ground-based solar Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) operating in the near infrared (NIR) spectral region, focused on providing highly accurate and precise column measurements of CO 2 , as well as simultaneously measuring O 2 , CH 4 , H 2 O, HDO, HF, CO and N 2 O and other species. The column data resulting from the site considered here and sites with similar setups can be used not only for validation of satellites, but also in atmospheric inversion modeling studies.…”