Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction of the Stomatal Complex in <i>Pinus canariensis</i> Needles Using Serial Sections

Zellnig, Günther; Peters, J.; Jiménez, María Soledad; Morales, D.; Grill, D.; Perktold, Andreas

doi:10.1055/s-2002-20438

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Wild-type plants also displayed unstacked thylakoids when grown under restricted watering (Fig. 4C), which is a typical response of chloroplasts to water stress (Sestak and Pospisilova, 1986;Zellnig et al, 2002). Notably, the parenchyma cells of P SARK ::IPT transgenic plants displayed an intracellular arrangement where chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes were consis- ).…”

Section: Ck-dependent Photorespirationmentioning

confidence: 84%

Cytokinin-Dependent Photorespiration and the Protection of Photosynthesis during Water Deficit

2009

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We investigated the effects of P SARK ::IPT (for Senescence-Associated Receptor Kinase::Isopentenyltransferase) expression and cytokinin production on several aspects of photosynthesis in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv SR1) plants grown under optimal or restricted (30% of optimal) watering regimes. There were no significant differences in stomatal conductance between leaves from wild-type and transgenic P SARK -IPT plants grown under optimal or restricted watering. On the other hand, there was a significant reduction in the maximum rate of electron transport as well as the use of triose-phosphates only in wild-type plants during growth under restricted watering, indicating a biochemical control of photosynthesis during growth under water deficit. During water deficit conditions, the transgenic plants displayed an increase in catalase inside peroxisomes, maintained a physical association among chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria, and increased the CO 2 compensation point, indicating the cytokinin-mediated occurrence of photorespiration in the transgenic plants. The contribution of photorespiration to the tolerance of transgenic plants to water deficit was also supported by the increase in transcripts coding for enzymes involved in the conversion of glycolate to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Moreover, the increase in transcripts indicated a cytokinin-induced elevation in photorespiration, suggesting the contribution of photorespiration in the protection of photosynthetic processes and its beneficial role during water stress.

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Section: Ck-dependent Photorespirationmentioning

confidence: 84%

Cytokinin-Dependent Photorespiration and the Protection of Photosynthesis during Water Deficit

2009

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“…However, within the same species, or between species with comparable stomata morphology, an increase in stomatal density will improve stomatal control. As Zellnig et al (2002) showed, P. canariensis has highly specialized stomata compared to other pine species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stomatal morphology of P. canariensis reflects adaptation to strict control of water loss. Stomata are deeply inserted (Jimenez et al 2000) and elongated prestomatal cavities filled with epicuticular waxes restrict water loss (Zellnig et al 2002). Furthermore, stomata are small compared to other pine species, such as P. sylvestris (Crossley & Fowler 1986;Turunen & Huttunen 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Needles of Canarian pine have typical xeromorphic traits with stomata deeply inserted below the epidermal layer (Jiménez et al 2000). In particular the stomata are of an unusual type with an enlarged prestomatal cavity, as recently demonstrated in a three dimensional image analysis study (Zellnig et al 2002). Furthermore, this longer than usual cavity is filled with wax, which limits H 2 O exchange more than CO 2 exchange (Jeffree et al 1971;Riederer 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Effects of drought on needle anatomy of Pinus canariensis

Grill

Tausz

Pöllinger

et al. 2004

Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants

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SummaryThe needles of Pinus canariensis exhibit morphological drought adaptations, such as special stomata morphology or rigid sclerenchymatic hypodermis. In the present paper the hypothesis that drought exposure during needle elongation triggers formation of xeromorphic traits was tested. With onset of the elongation growth of the new flush, 5-year old P. canariensis seedlings were exposed to 53 days of reduced water supply under controlled climate chamber conditions. The treatment resulted in a decrease of needle water potentials from -1.5 MPa to -4 MPa in drought stressed plants, whereas no change was observed in water potentials of control needles. Needles of drought exposed trees remained shorter and thinner. Cross-sections of elongating needles taken at 1 cm distance from the needle base were taken repeatedly during the experiment. Cross-section areas of different needle tissues were measured in an image analysis system. In needles of drought stressed trees sclerenchymatic tissues in the hypodermis and adjacent to the vascular bundles increased due to large increases in the number -not the size -of sclerenchymatic cells. The ratio of assimilation parenchyma to the vascular bundle (supplied versus supplying tissue) decreased. We conclude that these changes, which adapt needles to drought conditions, are triggered by drought stress experienced while needles are growing.

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“…The natural distribution area is small, restricted to a volcanic Archipelago near to the African continent, but with remarkable ecological variation due to topography and the variable influence of Trade winds (Climent et al 2004). While needle anatomy and surface characteristics of this species has been described in detail both for juvenile and mature needles (Jiménez et al 2000;Zellnig et al 2001;Stabentheiner et al 2004), geographical phenotypic variation in needle anatomy and morphology is still unknown. Previous studies have detected significant differentiation among populations in survival (López et al 2007), ontogeny (Climent et al 2006), traits related to fire adaptation (Climent et al 2004) and cone morphology .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From desert to cloud forest: the non-trivial phenotypic variation of Canary Island pine needles

López

Climent

Gil

2008

Trees

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Pine needles reflect some of the most outstanding xeromorphic characteristics of sclerophyllous plants. Detailed descriptive studies about their anatomy and morphology were carried out since the beginning of the past century but the role the different tissues play in adaptation to diverse environments is still little known. In this work we analyzed morphological and anatomical needle traits of seventeen natural populations of Pinus canariensis Chr. Sm. Ex DC to identify adaptive traits related to drought resistance and determine their variability throughout a wide range of ecological conditions. A Principal Component Analysis revealed two groups of traits, one related to drought adaptation: maximizing gas exchange, avoiding water loss and storing water and the other to photosynthesis. Results support a predominantly mechanical function of hypodermis and a possible role of transfusion tissue to withstand dry conditions, thanks to its water storing capacity. The inversion of the patterns of the relative area of the dermal and transfusion tissues in the xeric region was justified due to the influence of the extreme dry Saharan wind from the East. A clear adaptation of Pinus canariensis needles to contrasted environments is evidenced suggesting distinct phenotypic needle features in the most xeric stands.

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Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction of the Stomatal Complex in Pinus canariensis Needles Using Serial Sections

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

Cytokinin-Dependent Photorespiration and the Protection of Photosynthesis during Water Deficit

Cytokinin-Dependent Photorespiration and the Protection of Photosynthesis during Water Deficit

Effects of drought on needle anatomy of Pinus canariensis

From desert to cloud forest: the non-trivial phenotypic variation of Canary Island pine needles

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