Objective: To describe the application of 3-dimensional (3D) printing in advanced oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) and to discuss the benefits of this modality in surgical planning, student and resident training, and client education.Study design: Retrospective case series.Animals: Client-owned dogs (n 5 28) and cats (n 5 4) with 3D printing models of the skulls.
Methods:The medical records of 32 cases with 3D printing prior to major OMFS were reviewed.Results: Indications for 3D printing included preoperative planning for mandibular reconstruction after mandibulectomy (n 5 12 dogs) or defect nonunion fracture (n 5 6 dogs, 2 cats), mapping of ostectomy location for temporomandibular joint ankylosis or pseudoankylosis (n 5 4 dogs), assessment of palatal defects (n 5 2 dogs, 1 cat), improved understanding of complex anatomy in cases of neoplasia located in challenging locations (n 5 2 dogs, 1 cat), and in cases of altered anatomy secondary to trauma (n 5 2 dogs).
Conclusion:In the authors' experience, 3D printed models serve as excellent tools for OMFS planning and resident training. Furthermore, 3D printed models are a valuable resource to improve clients' understanding of the pet's disorder and the recommended treatment.Clinical relevance: Three-dimensional printed models should be considered viable tools for surgical planning, resident training, and client education in candidates for complex OMFS.