Three-Dimensional Printed Scaffolds with Controlled Micro-/Nanoporous Surface Topography Direct Chondrogenic and Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Abstract

The effect of topography in 3D printed polymer scaffolds on stem cell differentiation is a significantly under-explored area. Compared to 2D biomaterials on which various well-defined topographies have been incorporated and been shown to direct an arrange of cell behaviours including adhesion, cytoskeleton organisation and differentiation, incorporating topographical features to 3D polymer scaffolds is challenging due to the difficulty of accessing the inside of a porous scaffold. Only roughened strut surface has been introduced to 3D printed porous 2 scaffolds. Here, a rapid, single-step 3D printing method to fabricate polymeric scaffolds consisting of micro-struts (ca. 60 µm) with micro-/nano-surface pores (0.2-2.4 µm) has been developed based on direct ink writing of an agitated viscous polymer solution. The density, size, and alignment of these pores can be controlled by changing the degree of agitation or the speed of printing. 3D printed scaffolds with micro-/nano-porous struts enhanced chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs without soluble differentiation factors. The topography also selectively affected adhesion, morphology and differentiation of MSC to chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages depending on the composition of the differentiation medium. This fabrication method can potentially be used for a wide range of polymers where desirable architecture and topography are required.

Biocompatibility and osseointegration of nanostructured titanium dental implants in minipigs

“…If a rough surface increases bone tissue integration as compared to a non‐treated surface, it has also been shown that as proteins present in body fluids interact with implant surfaces in the nanometer range. Several research groups are currently studying the nano‐surface approach, producing randomly nano‐surfaces such as nano‐needle, nano‐pits and nano‐pores for enhancing the biological integration of implants (Louarn, Salou, Hoornaert, & Layrolle, 2019; Prasopthum, Cooper, Shakesheff, & Yang, 2019; Salou et al, 2014, 2015). These nano‐modifications may regulate the type, number, spacing and distribution of the focal adhesion ligands of cells on the titanium oxide surface.…”

Three dimensional printed degradable and conductive polymer scaffolds promote chondrogenic differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells

“…Fibronectin absorption to the 3D printed conductive porous scaffolds was carried out using our previously published method. 28 In brief, the scaffolds were incubated with 30 µg ml −1 fibronectin (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) for 24 hours under the standard cell culture condition. The residual amount of fibronectin in the protein solution was used to calculate the amount of absorbed fibronectin.…”

“…3D printing is a manufacturing tool which can make 3D objects with controlled overall geometries and internal architectures such as pore size. 27,28 It has been adopted in the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine field to make scaffolds or cell-laden constructs with improved control over positioning of materials and cells in 3D. Many groups including the authors have used 3D printing techniques, such as fused deposition modelling and direct ink writing to fabricate biodegradable polymer scaffolds.…”

“…Many groups including the authors have used 3D printing techniques, such as fused deposition modelling and direct ink writing to fabricate biodegradable polymer scaffolds. [28][29][30][31] For example, 3D printed cellular constructs containing decellularized skeletal muscle extracellular matrix have been demonstrated to be responsive to electrical stimulation. 31 To our knowledge, biodegradable conductive copolymers have not been 3D printed before.…”

Superior CKIP-1 sensitivity of orofacial bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells in proliferation and osteogenic differentiation compared to long bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells

“…Therefore, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are in high demand for the Superior CKIP-1 sensitivity of orofacial bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells in proliferation and osteogenic differentiation compared to long bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells regenerative restoration of maxillofacial bone defects (4). The osteogenic capacity of MScs can be affected by a number of factors, including long noncoding RNAs (5), microRNAs (6), circular RNAs (7), chemical drugs (8) and topographically optimized scaffolds (9). Moreover, the osteogenic capacity of MSCs is closely related to their tissue of origin (4,(10)(11)(12)(13).…”