Three-Dimensional-Printed Poly-L-Lactic Acid Scaffolds with Different Pore Sizes Influence Periosteal Distraction Osteogenesis of a Rabbit Skull

Abstract

The repair of bone defects is a big challenge in reconstructive surgery. Periosteal distraction osteogenesis (PDO), as a promising technique used for bone regeneration, forms a space between the periosteum and bone cortex to regenerate the new bone merely by distracting the periosteum. In order to investigate the influence of distractor framework on the PDO, we utilized three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to fabricate three kinds of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffolds with different pore sizes in this study. The in vitro experiments showed that the customized PLLA scaffolds had different-sized microchannels with low toxicity, good biocompatibility, and enough mechanical strength. Then, we built up an in vivo bioreactor under the skull periosteum of New Zealand white rabbits. The distractors with different pore sizes all could satisfy the demand of periosteal distraction in the animal experiments. After 8 weeks of consolidation period, the quality and quantity of the newly formed bone were improved with the increasing pore sizes of the distractors. Moreover, the newly formed bone also displayed an increasing degree of vascularization. In conclusion, 3D printing technology could promote the innovation of PDO devices and fabricate optimized scaffolds with appropriate pore sizes, shapes, and structures. It would help us regenerate more functional tissue-engineered bone and provide new ideas for further clinical application of the PDO technique.

Systematic Review and Quality Evaluation Using ARRIVE 2.0 Guidelines on Animal Models Used for Periosteal Distraction Osteogenesis

“…Based on titles and abstracts, 31 studies were selected. Finally, after reading full text and applying study criteria, 24 studies [2,[4][5][6][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] were included in the review (inter-reviewer agreement k = 0.96). The 24 studies selected involved 481 patients with 482 devices.…”

“…The periosteal distraction technique can be used for the reconstruction of bony defects in the forehead region in the craniomaxillofacial surgery or in neurosurgery; solve problems of bone deficit in the alveolar bone in oral implantology; or for volume deficits that sometimes occur in vertical distraction or bone grafts [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Biomaterial-based cell delivery strategies to promote liver regeneration

“…One example combined PLA with gelatin and added bFGF to form scaffolds that promoted angiogenesis and hepatocyte survival and function after implantation into the mesentery of hepatectomized rats [ 105 ]. It is reported that injection of PLA and PLLA causes stimulation of macrophage-mediated inflammation leading to erythema, swelling and bruising, which should be a consideration in future transplantation applications [ 197 ].…”

Biomaterials for Three-Dimensional Cell Culture: From Applications in Oncology to Nanotechnology

“…Synthetic polymers are also found in different groups: Biodegradable biomaterials including poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and their copolymers. They are commonly used in regenerative medicine for differentiation assays of stem cells progenitors [ 73 , 74 ]. Non-biodegradable biomaterials such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [ 75 ], 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and acrylamide (AAm) [ 76 ].…”

“…Biodegradable biomaterials including poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and their copolymers. They are commonly used in regenerative medicine for differentiation assays of stem cells progenitors [ 73 , 74 ].…”