Three-Dimensional Physical Simulation of Heavy Oil Exploitation by Hot Solvent Injection

Abstract

To improve the thermal effects of solvents on heavy oil reservoirs and realize the combined action of multiple flooding mechanisms, such as solvent heating and extraction, without steam mixing, based on the M Block heavy oil reservoir in Canada, three sets of comparative hot solvent-assisted gravity drainage experiments under different temperatures and pressures were carried out through an indoor three-dimensional (3D) physical simulation device. The development characteristics of the solvent chamber in the hot solvent-assisted gravity drainage technology were studied under different pressures and temperatures, and the recovery factor, cumulative oil exchange rate, and solvent retention rate were analyzed. The results showed that due to the effect of gravity differentiation, the development morphology of the solvent chamber could be divided into three stages: rapid ascent, lateral expansion, and slow descent. When the temperature was constant, the reservoir pressure decreased, the recovery rate increased, the cumulative oil exchange rate increased, and the solvent retention rate decreased; when the pressure was constant, the temperature increased, the viscosity of heavy oil decreased, the recovery rate increased, the cumulative oil exchange rate increased, and the solvent retention rate was low. Additionally, the study also showed that for hot solvents in different phases, the use of hot solvent vapor not only required less injected solvent but also exhibited a high oil production rate, which shortened production time and reduced energy consumption. Moreover, the oil recovery rate was higher than 60%, the solvent retention rate was lower than 10%, and the cumulative oil exchange rate was higher than 3 t / t , which constituted better economic benefits and provided a reliable theoretical basis for onsite oilfield applications.

Atomic spectrometry update: review of advances in X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and its special applications

“…MicroXRF spectrometry is widely used in geological studies as it provides valuable information for sediments. MicroXRF spectrometry was 36 a powerful tool for interpreting the genesis of dolomitisation as it can be used to visualise the elemental distribution over a large area thereby to identify delicate genetic characteristics. Single point 10 s measurements gave a high level of accuracy (97–103% and a SD of <3%) for Ca, Fe and Mg. A 300 ms exposure time for each sampling point in a scan made it possible to study the enrichment and depletion of Mg and other elements.…”