Three-dimensional parabolic equation modeling of mesoscale eddy deflection

Heaney, Kevin D.; Campbell, Richard L.

doi:10.1121/1.4942112

Cited by 42 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Bearing and heading information was discretized into four quadrants (i.e., north, east, south, and west) so that exact ship positions could not be recovered. Cumulative sound exposure was estimated using the Peregrine propagation model (Heaney and Campbell, 2016) to estimate transmission loss from a source to a receiver for received level estimation at each tracked whale position from all overlapping surface ship hull-mounted MFAS (i.e., AN/SQS-53C) transmissions. Due to security concerns, modeled MFAS exposure metrics were limited to the maximum sound exposure level received from a single transmission during a track (max SEL), and cumulative sound exposure level for each 5-min bin over the duration of a track (cSEL).…”

Section: Navy Sonar Training Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Movement and Calling Behavior of Minke Whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in Response to Navy Training

et al. 2021

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Many marine mammals rely on sound for foraging, maintaining group cohesion, navigation, finding mates, and avoiding predators. These behaviors are potentially disrupted by anthropogenic noise. Behavioral responses to sonar have been observed in a number of baleen whale species but relatively little is known about the responses of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Previous analyses demonstrated a spatial redistribution of localizations derived from passive acoustic detections in response to sonar activity, but the lack of a mechanism for associating localizations prevented discriminating between movement and cessation of calling as possible explanations for this redistribution. Here we extend previous analyses by including an association mechanism, allowing us to differentiate between movement responses and calling responses, and to provide direct evidence of horizontal avoidance responses by individual minke whales to sonar during U.S. Navy training activities. We fitted hidden Markov models to 627 tracks that were reconstructed from 3 years of minke whale (B. acutorostrata) vocalizations recorded before, during, and after naval training events at the U.S. Navy’s Pacific Missile Range Facility, Kauai, Hawaii. The fitted models were used to identify different movement behaviors and to investigate the effect of sonar activity on these behaviors. Movement was faster and more directed during sonar exposure than in baseline phases. The mean direction of movement differed during sonar exposure, and was consistent with movement away from sonar-producing ships. Animals were also more likely to cease calling during sonar. There was substantial individual variation in response. Our findings add large-sample support to previous demonstrations of horizontal avoidance responses by individual minke whales to sonar in controlled exposure experiments, and demonstrate the complex nature of behavioral responses to sonar activity: some, but not all, whales exhibited behavioral changes, which took the form of horizontal avoidance or ceasing to call.

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Section: Navy Sonar Training Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Movement and Calling Behavior of Minke Whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in Response to Navy Training

et al. 2021

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“…Estimated transmission losses are therefore very sensitive to the precision of the bathymetric profiles and the exact wave paths through it. 3-D effects (Kevin and Campbell 2016) deserves to be taken into account, but are not considered in this paper. A sensitivity study would be necessary to link the absolute amplitudes recorded to H10N and the acoustic energy of the San Juan event.…”

Section: Propagation Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Hydroacoustic Signals Associated to the Loss of the Argentinian ARA San Juan Submarine

Vergoz

Cansi

Cano

et al. 2021

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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On November 15, 2017, an event related to the disappearance of the Argentine military submarine ARA San Juan was detected by two hydrophone triplet stations of the IMS network, established to enforce the nuclear test ban treaty (CTBT). From the two direct hydroacoustic arrivals recorded at 6000 and 8000 km from the localized wreckage, calculated location based on hydroacoustic data only is poorly constrained, and the associated uncertainties are large. In an attempt to interpret the recorded signals, an air dropped calibration grenade was conducted by the Argentine Navy two weeks later, on December 1, 2017, near the last known position of the submarine. From the comparison of temporal and spectral features of both events, we confirm the impulsive nature of the San Juan event. Array processing was performed with a progressive multi-channel correlation method (PMCC). Fine propagation details of direct arrivals are very well resolved in time-frequency space and thirteen secondary arrivals are revealed for the San Juan event, within the fifteen minutes following direct arrivals. The detections presented in this paper were calculated with DTK-PMCC software embedded in the NDC-In-A-Box virtual machine, and can be reproduced by any CTBTO principal user (Member State user which can access raw waveform data and data bulletins). All the identified late arrivals are associated to reflections or refractions from seamounts, islands and the South American continental Slope. The accurate identification of all the reflectors allows to significantly improve the source location accuracy: 95% confidence ellipse area has been reduced by a factor of 100 compared to location obtained from direct arrivals only, and the estimated location is 3.5 km from the known location of the wreckage. The originality of the relocation method is that it is based on the joint inversion of both San Juan and calibration events unknown parameters, and from the selection of only a well-chosen subset of secondary arrivals. Its calculation did not require either the need of advanced oceanographic specifications, or sophisticated methods requiring heavy computational means. Finally, a detailed cepstral analysis of the direct and secondary arrivals has allowed to detect the existence of a second impulse (doublet) in the signals associated to both San Juan and calibration events. Unlike the calibration event, the anisotropic character of the delays measured from the San Juan cepstra suggests that the 15 November signal was generated by two impulsive acoustic sources closely separated in space and time over scales comparable to the size of the submarine. This study demonstrates the capability of the hydroacoustic component of the IMS network to accomplish its mission of Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty monitoring.

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“…In brief, this Monte Carlo method simulated a random two-dimensional (2-D) distribution of whales around the hydrophone in various noise conditions and estimated the probability of detection as a function of ambient noise by utilizing estimated source levels and propagation loss modeling. However, instead of using CRAM, the C-code version of the 2-D Range-dependent Acoustic Model (RAM; Collins 1993) as was used in Helble et al (2013), we used the 3-D Peregrine parabolic equation propagation model (Heaney & Campbell 2016, Hea ney et al 2017. This model is based on RAM but has been extended to 3-D propagation that allows for diffraction and refraction around bathymetry (Heaney & Campbell 2016, Heaney et al 2017.…”

Section: Passive Acoustic Call Detectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, instead of using CRAM, the C-code version of the 2-D Range-dependent Acoustic Model (RAM; Collins 1993) as was used in Helble et al (2013), we used the 3-D Peregrine parabolic equation propagation model (Heaney & Campbell 2016, Hea ney et al 2017. This model is based on RAM but has been extended to 3-D propagation that allows for diffraction and refraction around bathymetry (Heaney & Campbell 2016, Heaney et al 2017. In this paper, only the 2-D version of Peregrine was used, and 3-D propagation was modeled using an 'N by 2-D' approximation in which no coupling of acoustic energy occurs between the N radials in azimuth, as in Helble et al (2013).…”

Section: Passive Acoustic Call Detectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gray whale migration patterns through the Southern California Bight from multi-year visual and acoustic monitoring

Guazzo¹,

Schulman‐Janiger²,

Smith³

et al. 2019

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Eastern North Pacific gray whales Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861) annually migrate from the Arctic and subarctic waters of the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas where they feed in the summer to the subtropical waters of the Pacific lagoons in the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, where they spend the winter. Their migration path is along the continental shelf for most of the route, but in the Southern California Bight, many gray whales move offshore and travel through the Channel Islands (Carretta et

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Three-dimensional parabolic equation modeling of mesoscale eddy deflection

Cited by 42 publications

References 26 publications

Changes in the Movement and Calling Behavior of Minke Whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in Response to Navy Training

Changes in the Movement and Calling Behavior of Minke Whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in Response to Navy Training

Analysis of Hydroacoustic Signals Associated to the Loss of the Argentinian ARA San Juan Submarine

Gray whale migration patterns through the Southern California Bight from multi-year visual and acoustic monitoring

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