Three-dimensional ordered macroporous materials for photocatalysis: design and applications

Wen, Fusheng; Liu, Wenliang

doi:10.1039/d1ta04127d

Cited by 40 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…The situation is similar for 2D and 3D ordered macroporous materials and photonic crystals, which are extensively investigated for applications in photocatalysis due to their large surface areas and fast mass transport. [ 22 , 23 ] Again, the geometrical aspects are limited to the pore size and their arrangement in 2 and 3 dimensions. Although the films can reach sizes of several cm 2 , the macroscopic nature is not decisive for the photocatalytic performance, but the microstructure of the pores.…”

Section: Geometry In the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of the Macroscopic Geometry in Gas‐Phase Photocatalysis

Matter

Niederberger

2022

Advanced Science

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Photocatalysis has the potential to make a major technological contribution to solving pressing environmental and energy problems. There are many strategies for improving photocatalysts, such as tuning the composition to optimize visible light absorption, charge separation, and surface chemistry, ensuring high crystallinity, and controlling particle size and shape to increase overall surface area and exploit the reactivity of individual crystal facets. These processes mainly affect the nanoscale and are therefore summarized as nanostructuring. In comparison, microstructuring is performed on a larger size scale and is mainly concerned with particle assembly and thin film preparation. Interestingly, most structuring efforts stop at this point, and there are very few examples of geometry optimization on a millimeter or even centimeter scale. However, the recent work on nanoparticle‐based aerogel monoliths has shown that this size range also offers great potential for improving the photocatalytic performance of materials, especially when the macroscopic geometry of the monolith is matched to the design of the photoreactor. This review article is dedicated to this aspect and addresses some issues and open questions that arise when working with macroscopically large photocatalysts. Guidelines are provided that could help develop novel and efficient photocatalysts with a truly 3D architecture.

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Section: Geometry In the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of the Macroscopic Geometry in Gas‐Phase Photocatalysis

Matter

Niederberger

2022

Advanced Science

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, it is known that engineering porous structure can enlarge the specific surface area and supply more reactive sites as well as shorten the migration distance of photogenerated charge carriers, thus improving the photocatalytic activity. [17,18] Inspired by previous work, we provide a facile one-step synthesis to optimize g-C 3 N 4 by simultaneously intercalating [Mo 7 O 24 ] 6− polyanions and engineering porous structure to obtain a desired photocatalyst ([Mo 7 O 24 ] 6− -pCN). Specifically, dicyandiamide (DCDA), (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 , and urea were separately used as precursors, intercalation source, and pore-forming agent during preparation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molybdenum (VI)‐oxo Clusters Incorporation Activates g‐C₃N₄ with Simultaneously Regulating Charge Transfer and Reaction Centers for Boosting Photocatalytic Performance

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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Establishing local built‐in electric field of 2D semiconductors is one of the promising strategies to regulate the oriented charge delivery to active centers for enhancing photocatalytic performance. Herein, a novel heptamolybdate polyanions‐intercalated porous g‐C3N4 ([Mo7O24]6−‐pCN) catalyst with integrating highly desirable visible‐light photocatalytic features is reported. After intercalation, the apparent reaction rate constants (kapp) of [Mo7O24]6−‐pCN for bisphenol A (BPA) and 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CP) photodegradation are remarkably enhanced, which are 9.0 and 6.4 times faster than those of pCN, respectively. Analogously, the kapp values of [Mo7O24]6–‐CN for BPA and 4‐CP removal are also improved by contrast with CN. The experimental results and density functional theory calculations indicate that a local built‐in electric field is formed in [Mo7O24]6−‐pCN with a polarization direction from aromatic rings of g‐C3N4 to the inserted [Mo7O24]6− clusters. Driven by the electric field, photogenerated carriers can be efficiently separated for better reactive oxidative species (ROSs) production. These O atoms are also proved as adsorption sites for phenols, greatly reducing the migration distance of ROSs and thus improving photocatalytic performances. This work offers a reliable strategy to construct local built‐in electric field via polyoxometalates intercalation for effective solar energy conversion and phenolic wastewater remediation.

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“…The three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) structure has been applied in various fields and confirmed to be promising in the direction of photocatalysis. 19 The reasons why the 3DOM structure can develop fast are as follows: 20−26 The open interconnected hierarchical macroporous structure greatly enhances the efficiency of the species in transport and diffusion processes to the point of enhancing the photocatalytic ability. Then, the periodically ordered structure of 3DOM causes it to produce photon band gaps and slow photon effect of photonic crystals, which can effectively excite more photoinduced carriers and improve the photocatalytic activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium Sulfide 3D Photonic Crystal with Hierarchically Ordered Macropores for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation

et al. 2022

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Cadmium sulfide is a potential candidate for photocatalytic water splitting. However, CdS nanoparticles have a high recombination rate of photoinduced carriers induced by aggregation. Therefore, decreasing the recombination rate and increasing the migration rate of photogenerated carriers are essential to drive the development and application of CdS in hydrogen production. In this study, we design CdS with a three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) structure using polymethylmethacrylate as a template. It not only retains the excellent visible light response of CdS but also improves the easy recombination of photogenerated carriers in CdS nanoparticles by taking advantage of the unique ability of mass transfer, charge separation, and migration in the 3DOM structure. Meanwhile, the highly ordered periodic structure of 3DOM CdS can produce a slow photon effect of photonic crystals to obtain more photoinduced carriers. In particular, we found that a suitable stop-band position is beneficial to maximize the utilization of the slow photon effect. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of Pt–CdS is considerably improved after constructing the 3DOM structure. This study provides a new design strategy of ordered macroporous sulfide catalysts to achieve high photocatalytic activity.

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Three-dimensional ordered macroporous materials for photocatalysis: design and applications

Abstract: Photocatalysis is a promising strategy for addressing carbon emissions and energy challenges. 3D nanostructures have aroused enormous attention due to their high reaction area, in which three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM)...

Cited by 40 publications

References 170 publications

The Importance of the Macroscopic Geometry in Gas‐Phase Photocatalysis

The Importance of the Macroscopic Geometry in Gas‐Phase Photocatalysis

Molybdenum (VI)‐oxo Clusters Incorporation Activates g‐C₃N₄ with Simultaneously Regulating Charge Transfer and Reaction Centers for Boosting Photocatalytic Performance

Cadmium Sulfide 3D Photonic Crystal with Hierarchically Ordered Macropores for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation

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Three-dimensional ordered macroporous materials for photocatalysis: design and applications

Abstract: Photocatalysis is a promising strategy for addressing carbon emissions and energy challenges. 3D nanostructures have aroused enormous attention due to their high reaction area, in which three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM)...

Cited by 40 publications

References 170 publications

The Importance of the Macroscopic Geometry in Gas‐Phase Photocatalysis

The Importance of the Macroscopic Geometry in Gas‐Phase Photocatalysis

Molybdenum (VI)‐oxo Clusters Incorporation Activates g‐C3N4 with Simultaneously Regulating Charge Transfer and Reaction Centers for Boosting Photocatalytic Performance

Cadmium Sulfide 3D Photonic Crystal with Hierarchically Ordered Macropores for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation

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Molybdenum (VI)‐oxo Clusters Incorporation Activates g‐C₃N₄ with Simultaneously Regulating Charge Transfer and Reaction Centers for Boosting Photocatalytic Performance