Three-dimensional Ordered Macroporous Flexible Electrode Design toward High-Performance Zinc-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Flexible zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have been considered to have huge potential in portable and wearable electronics due to their high safety, cost efficiency, and considerable energy density. Therein, the design and construction of flexible electrodes significantly determine the performance and lifespan of flexible battery devices. In this work, an ultrathin flexible three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) Sn@Zn anode (60 μm in thickness) is presented to relieve dendrite growth and expand the lifespan of flexible ZIBs. The 3DOM structure can ensure uniform electric field distribution, guide oriented zinc plating/stripping, and extend the lifespan of anodes. The rich zincophilic Sn sites on the electrode surface significantly facilitate Zn nucleation. Accordingly, a lowered nucleation overpotential of 8.9 mV and an ultralong cycling performance of 2400 h at 0.1 mA cm–2 and 0.1 mAh cm–2 are achieved in symmetric cells, and the 3DOM Sn@Zn anode can also operate in deep cycling for over 200 h at 10 mA cm–2 and 5 mAh cm–2. A flexible 3DOM MnO2/Ni cathode with a high structural stability and a high mass-specific capacity is fabricated to match with the anode to form a flexible ZIB with a total thickness of 200 μm. The flexible device delivers a high volumetric energy density of 11.76 mWh cm–3 at 100 mA gMnO2 –1 and a high average open-circuit voltage of 1.5 V and exhibits high-performance power supply under deformation in practical application scenarios. This work may shed some light on the design and fabrication of flexible energy-storage devices.