Three-dimensional numerical simulation on the thermal response of oil shale subjected to microwave heating

Effect of Cyclical Microwave Modification on the Apparent Permeability of Anthracite: A Case Study of Methane Extraction in Sihe Mine, China

“… 34 , 35 At present, microwave modification technology has been successfully used for coking, 36 , 37 reduction of energy for pulverization, 38 lignite dehydration, 39 coal desulfurization, 40 low-rank coal pyrolysis, 41 biomass pyrolysis, 42 enhancing floatation, 43 auxiliary rock breaking, 44 heavy oil exploitation, 45 and oil shale exploitation. 46 …”

“…Methods other than CO 2 substitution and N 2 displacement will have a significant effect on reservoir permeability . One approach is fluid injection, which includes hydraulic, high energy gas, , supercritical CO 2 , , liquid nitrogen, − and steam injection fracturing. , Another approach is the application of external acoustic, − electric, electromagnetic, − or electrochemical fields. − Although these methods have achieved enhancements, there are still some limitations, such as water locking damage, construction costs, complex operations, ecological environmental pollution, and even the possibility of inducing earthquakes by hydraulic fracturing. , At present, microwave modification technology has been successfully used for coking, , reduction of energy for pulverization, lignite dehydration, coal desulfurization, low-rank coal pyrolysis, biomass pyrolysis, enhancing floatation, auxiliary rock breaking, heavy oil exploitation, and oil shale exploitation …”

“…34,35 At present, microwave modification technology has been successfully used for coking, 36,37 reduction of energy for pulverization, 38 lignite dehydration, 39 coal desulfurization, 40 low-rank coal pyrolysis, 41 biomass pyrolysis, 42 enhancing floatation, 43 auxiliary rock breaking, 44 heavy oil exploitation, 45 and oil shale exploitation. 46 Microwave modification can increase the temperature of the coal or rock stratum and aid in moisture removal. Microwave radiation heating is a highly efficient and environmentally benign method for reservoir stimulation due to its unique instantaneous effects, overall penetrability, selectivity, and controllability.…”

Response of Molecular Structures and Methane Adsorption Behaviors in Coals Subjected to Cyclical Microwave Exposure

“…Microwave exposure represents a good alternative for coal modification due to the advantages of instantaneous penetration, selective heating, feasible control, and environmental friendliness. 25 Currently, microwave exposure has been preliminarily applied in the fields of coal dehydration, 26−28 coal/oil desulfurization, 29,30 hard rock fracturing, 31,32 aid grinding, 33,34 coal/biowaste pyrolysis, 35,36 coking, 37,38 oil shale exploitation, 39,40 and heavy oil thermal recovery. 41,42 Microwaves, as ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic waves (3 × 10 8 to 3 × 10 12 Hz) that consist of magnetic and electric fields perpendicular to each other, can cause high-frequency vibrations (billions for microwaves with a frequency of 2.45 × 10 9 Hz) and friction of polar molecules or free electrons within their penetration range.…”

“…Microwave exposure represents a good alternative for coal modification due to the advantages of instantaneous penetration, selective heating, feasible control, and environmental friendliness . Currently, microwave exposure has been preliminarily applied in the fields of coal dehydration, − coal/oil desulfurization, , hard rock fracturing, , aid grinding, , coal/biowaste pyrolysis, , coking, , oil shale exploitation, , and heavy oil thermal recovery. , …”