Three Dimensional Numerical Analysis of Fluid Flow through Fractured Rock Core Using X-Ray Computed Tomography

Abstract

TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax +1-972-952-9435. AbstractA three dimensional numerical modeling coupled with X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) for fracture flow was applied to fractured granite core samples. One of the samples had an artificial single fracture, and the others had natural multiple fractures. A relationship between CT value and fracture aperture (fracture aperture calibration curve) was obtained by X-ray CT scanning for a fracture aperture calibration standard with varying the aperture from 0.1 to 0.5 mm. As a result, a linear relationship was obtained between CT value and fracture aperture. With the fracture aperture calibration curve, three dimensional distributions of CT values of the samples were converted into fracture aperture distributions to obtain fracture models of the samples. Porosities of the fracture models could provide good agreement with experimentally determined porosities for all the samples. By using the fracture models, a fluid flow simulation was also performed with a local cubic law-based fracture flow model. Numerical permeabilities by the flow simulation were much higher than experimentally determined permeabilities of the samples. It was however possible to match the numerical permeabilities with the experimental permeabilities for all the samples, by using a unique modification coefficient of 0.5 for the fracture aperture in the fracture flow model. With the modified flow model, it was possible to obtain detailed information of heterogeneities in fracture flow as well as permeabilities of the samples. Although the present X-ray CT scanning was performed at room temperature and pressure, it was expected that the numerical modeling had possibility to provide insights into heterogeneous nature of fracture flow in fractured reservoirs, such as channeling, as well as porosity and permeability, when the CT scanning was performed at reservoir conditions. Further studies on this kind of numerical modeling should provide simple and easy way to address heterogeneous fracture flow in reservoirs that can have impacts on productivity of wells, efficiency of recovery by water/gas flooding, and so on.

Experimental Study on the Propagation Characteristics of Hydraulic Fracture in Clayey-Silt Sediments

“…Finally, the samples were scanned by a CT scanner (Neuro-Logica Corporation, CereTom) to detect the fractures with a resolution of 0:5 mm × 0:5 mm × 0:625 mm and a single exposure time of 0.5 s. The three-dimensional gray-scale images were processed by collecting the X-ray attenuation information to obtain the segmentation image via Avizo software that could be utilized for fracture network modeling. Then, the fracture information was extracted based on the ball-stick model to reveal the spatial distribution of fractures, as shown in Figure 5 [39,46]. Especially, note that the fractures with smaller widths should not be in the study since the sample heating will produce some fractures.…”