Three-dimensional multi-phase simulation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance considering constriction straight channel

3D Numerical Simulation of Metal Bipolar Plate Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Considering Wavy Interlaced Flow Field

“…The fundamental assumptions based on the 3D multi-phase flow CFD simulation are as follows: 1) FC is small in scale, so the effect of gravity is neglected throughout the simulation; 2) FC works in a stable state and its start-up process is not considered; 3) Hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are ideal gases that are insoluble in water and are not compressible; 4) It is assumed that the fluid flow is laminar due to the low gas flow velocity within the FF; 5) The diffusion of gas in the PEMFC FF obeys Fick's law of diffusion; 6) Porous electrodes (i.e., GDLs, MPLs and CLs) are homogeneous porous media. However, GDLs are anisotropic in the directions of inplane (IP) and through-plane (TP), and MPLs and CLs are isotropic; [49,50] 7) Neither the electrons nor the reactant gas can penetrate the PEM; and 8) Because of the low operating temperature of the FC and the constraints imposed by the experimental conditions, it is supposed that the water generated in the CCL is liquid water. [49,50] The mathematical models involved in the simulation, including mass conservation equation, momentum conservation equation, energy conservation equation, gas species conservation equation, electrochemical equation, and water transport equation.…”

“…However, GDLs are anisotropic in the directions of inplane (IP) and through-plane (TP), and MPLs and CLs are isotropic; [49,50] 7) Neither the electrons nor the reactant gas can penetrate the PEM; and 8) Because of the low operating temperature of the FC and the constraints imposed by the experimental conditions, it is supposed that the water generated in the CCL is liquid water. [49,50] The mathematical models involved in the simulation, including mass conservation equation, momentum conservation equation, energy conservation equation, gas species conservation equation, electrochemical equation, and water transport equation. In this study, the LS model is used to calculate the gas flow process within the FC, and the gas-phase flow velocity and liquid-phase flow velocity are assumed to be the consistent, and each conservation equation is shown as follows [51][52][53][54][55][56] Mass conservation equation Liquid water density [49] kg m À3 970…”

“…In most literatures, 353.15 K of ambient temperature is considered to be the optimum operating temperature. [35,38,50] However, the above simulation operation is based on the ideal working state, and the actual isothermal boundary conditions and non-isothermal boundary conditions have important influence on heat and mass transfer in CFF. [48] Therefore, in this study, the cooling FF is introduced into metal BPs, which can simulate the real cooling effect of the FF better than setting the constant temperature thermal boundary condition.…”

“…[48] Therefore, in this study, the cooling FF is introduced into metal BPs, which can simulate the real cooling effect of the FF better than setting the constant temperature thermal boundary condition. [38,50] The inlet velocity of cooling FF is 0.1 m s À1 , the temperature is 343.15 K, and the outlet is pressure outlet (2.5 atm). The boundary conditions of nonisothermal flow coupled with solid and fluid heat transfer physical fields are selected.…”

Study on 3D Simulation Performance of Large‐Scale Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell with Distribution Region

“…Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an effective system that efficiently transforms chemical energy into electrical energy. [1,2] Its benefits include a rapid start-up period, functioning at a low temperature, minimal noise, and no product pollution. This has led to widespread worry about it, and it is currently regarded as one of the finest alternative energy sources in the 21st century.…”