Three-dimensional in vivo ESR imaging in rats

Development and testing of a CW-EPR apparatus for imaging of short-lifetime nitroxyl radicals in mouse head

“…Ishida et al reported EPR spectroscopy with an acquisition rate of 48 s/spectrum in the rat head in 1989 [7]. Alecci et al reported in vivo EPR imaging of rat tails at 1.2 GHz with an acquisition rate of 3.5 s/projection in 1990 [8]. Moreover, Ishida et al reported EPR imaging in the rat head with an acquisition rate of 30 s/projection in 1992 [9].…”

A multilayered element resonator for CW-ESR and longitudinally detected ESR at radio frequency

“…A wavelength sufficiently longer than the sample size is also needed to measure the large volume of the sample. Accordingly, in vivo ESR spectrometers operating at a lower frequency, i.e., in the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) band, have been developed [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Microencapsulation of paramagnetic particles by pyrroxylin to preserve their responsiveness to oxygen when used as sensors for in vivo EPR oximetry

“…The main reason for the limited application of EPR in vivo in the past was the problem of high nonresonant dielectric loss of the exciting frequency (usually in the microwave range). Considerable effort has been made to overcome this problem and to provide spectrometers working at lower frequencies and new resonators with higher sensitivity and appropriate stability for in vivo applications (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). In addition, thanks to the pioneering efforts of H.M. Swartz's group, several new paramagnetic materials have been found to possess an EPR linewidth that is highly sensitive to changes in pO 2 ; these have been useful for direct measurement of the pO 2 in tissues or in animals.…”