Three-dimensional holographic imaging of living tissue using a highly sensitive photorefractive polymer device

Salvador, Michaël; Prauzner, J.; Köber, Sebastian; Meerholz, Klaus; Turek, John; Jeong, Kwan; Nolte, David D.

doi:10.1364/oe.17.011834

Cited by 42 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…43 Holographic optical coherence imaging Holographic optical coherence imaging (HOCI) is based on the capture of depth-resolved images from a turbid and highly scattered medium using coherence gating. 130 This technique is a non-invasive imaging tool that can be used to map the depth profile of biological tissues. Biological tissues usually demonstrate absorbance in the visible region, but the absorption is reduced in the therapeutic window, which spans from 600 to 1300 nm.…”

Section: Pr Response In a Centrosymmetric Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular design of photorefractive polymers

Tsutsumi

2016

Polym J

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This review article describes the current state-of-the-art research on organic photorefractive polymer composites. A historical background on photorefractive materials is first introduced and is followed by a discussion on the opto-physical aspects and the mechanism of photorefractivity. The molecular design of photorefractive polymers and organic compounds is discussed, followed by a discussion on optical applications of the photorefractive polymers. Polymer Journal (2016) 48, 571-588; doi:10.1038/pj.2015.131; published online 27 January 2016 BACKGROUND In this report, the molecular design of organic photorefractive (PR) polymers is reviewed. Organic PR polymers are materials that possess both electro-optical and photoconductive properties. Research on photoconductive polymers, whose pioneering polymer is poly(N-vinyl carbazole) (PVK, PVCz), began in the 1960s. From the 1980s, research on organic nonlinear optical (NLO) materials has been widely conducted in the fields of organic electro-optics and optical nonlinearity. From the 1990s, new technology using organic photorefractivity combined with photoconductive and electro-optical properties was introduced in the field of organic semiconducting materials, 1 and organic light-emitting diodes 2-6 and organic fieldeffect transistors 7 were also debuted in this field. At the same time, the interest of researchers also turned toward the development of organic photovoltaic cells and organic solar cells. [8][9][10][11] The transport of charge carriers through photoconductive manifolds is a common phenomenon found in PR, organic light-emitting diode or organic photovoltaic materials. Thus, the development of materials in each field is expected to merge together to trigger the development of novel materials.The PR effect is a well-known phenomenon that is observed in materials in which refractive index modulation is induced by the space-charge field that results from the redistribution of positive and negative charge carriers separated through photo-excitation. 12 This phenomenon was first reported in inorganic crystals of lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) and lithium tantalate (LiTaO 3 ) and was observed through heterogeneous optically induced refractive indices in 1966. 13 Since then, the PR effect has extensively been investigated in many inorganic crystals, and theoretical approaches have been established to explain this phenomenon. 14 In 1991, 1 the first study of PR polymers reported a low diffraction efficiency of 10 −3 to 1% and a small optical gain of 0.33 cm À1 . In 1994, 15 a high diffraction efficiency of 86% (the remaining 14% was attributed to optical losses) and a large optical gain exceeding 200 cm À1 was reported in photoconductive PVK-based PR composites. Over the past two decades, many featured review articles [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] and book

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Section: Pr Response In a Centrosymmetric Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…130 PR phase conjugators PR media have features of phase conjugators, which can produce phase-conjugate waves of incident electromagnetic waves. 12 A phaseconjugate wave propagates back to a reversed direction in space and is referred as a time-reversed wave.…”

Section: Pr Response In a Centrosymmetric Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular design of photorefractive polymers

Tsutsumi

2016

Polym J

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“…. Chemical structures of hole-conductors employed in photo refractive materials: 1 PVK, [ 62 ] 2 PCzEA, [ 63 ] 3a PVI, [ 60 ] 3b PVDMI, [ 60 ] 4 DBOP, [ 64 ] 5a PSX-Cz, [ 65 ] 5b PSX-bTPA, [ 66 ] 5c PSX-IDEH, [ 67 ] 5d PSX-PhPA, [ 67 ] 6 TFB, [ 68 ] 7 PF6-TPD, [47,54,55,69] 8 TPD-PPV, [70,71] 9 PDAS, [ 72 ] 10 MM-PSX-TAA, [ 73 ] 11 TPDac, [ 74 ] 12 PATPD, [75,76] 13 MDCETPD, [ 77 ] 14 p-PMEH-PPV, [ 78 ] 15 EhCzThThZ, [ 79 ] 16 DiCz. times in the order of seconds under 830 nm illumination and 57 V μ m − 1 .…”

Section: Chemical Approaches To the Photorefractive Effect In Organicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A well-known example is the optical correlation of 2-dimensional data sets through the conditions under 830 nm cw-illumination, the PF6-TPD based material reveals a 250-fold faster response (considering time needed to reach 10% internal diffraction effi ciency) compared to the well-known PVK/TNFM composition. [ 69 ] The high sensitivity of this novel material allowed for depth-resolved imaging of a biodegradable polyurethane foam with 500 ms image acquisition time [ 226 ] and a rat osteogenic sarcoma tumor spheroid with a data acquisition speed of 8 × 10 5 voxels s − 1 and a dynamic range of 20 dB [ 69 ] (see Figure 22 ). Those numbers are comparable to holographic imaging operations performed from turbid and highly scattering media by coherence gating.…”

Section: Image Processing Operationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Photorefractive Materials and Applications

2011

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This review describes recent advances and applications in the field of organic photorefractive materials, an interesting area in the field of organic electronics and promising candidate for various aspects of photonic applications. We describe the current state of knowledge about the processes involved in the formation of photorefractive gratings in organic materials and focus on the chemical and photo‐physical aspects of the material structures employed in low glass‐transition temperature amorphous composites and organic photorefractive glasses. State‐of‐the art materials are highlighted and recent demonstrations of photonic applications relying on the reversible holographic nature of the photorefractive materials are discussed.

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“…Holography has drawn great attention ever since it was proposed by Dennis Gabor in 1948 [1]. In recent years, apart from three-dimensional (3D) photography [2][3][4], there are increasingly additional applications of holography, such as watermarking [5,6], 3D measurement [7], and encryption [8][9][10]. Above all, data encoding with a holography technique may be one of the most investigated topics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of single-beam multiplexing encoding with a dually modulated spatial light modulator

et al. 2010

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We propose a novel method for signal storage and encryption, called single-beam multiplexing encoding. The single beam is composed of an inside signal beam and an outside reference beam. The signal beam is amplitude modulated, and the reference beam is phase modulated. The dual modulation is implemented by a spatial light modulator (SLM). Multiplexing holography with different reference beams from different directions, called directional multiplexing, is analyzed in detail. With an SLM based on a twisted nematic liquid crystal display, we demonstrate a single-beam directional multiplexing method using a holographic encoding technique, and the retrieved signals are presented. This encoding system is more stable, miniaturized, and flexible. It should be of great interest for applications in signal encryption as well as for high-capacity data storage.

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Three-dimensional holographic imaging of living tissue using a highly sensitive photorefractive polymer device

Cited by 42 publications

References 32 publications

Molecular design of photorefractive polymers

Molecular design of photorefractive polymers

Organic Photorefractive Materials and Applications

Implementation of single-beam multiplexing encoding with a dually modulated spatial light modulator

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