Three-Dimensional Graphene–TiO₂–SnO₂ Ternary Nanocomposites for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors

Abstract

Ternary nanocomposites synergistically combine the material characteristics of three materials, altering the desired charge storage properties such as electrical conductivity, redox states, and surface area. Therefore, to improve the energy synergistic of SnO2, TiO2, and three-dimensional graphene, herein, we report a facile hydrothermal technique to synthesize a ternary nanocomposite of three-dimensional graphene–tin oxide–titanium dioxide (3DG–SnO2–TiO2). The synthesized ternary nanocomposite was characterized using material characterization techniques such as XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, FESEM, and EDXS. The surface area and porosity of the material were studied using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) studies. XRD studies showed the crystalline nature of the characteristic peaks of the individual materials, and FESEM studies revealed the deposition of SnO2–TiO2 on 3DG. The BET results show that incorporating 3DG into the SnO2–TiO2 binary nanocomposite increased its surface area compared to the binary composite. A three-electrode system compared the electrochemical performances of both the binary and ternary composites as a battery-type supercapacitor electrode in different molar KOH (1, 3, and 6 M) electrolytes. It was determined that the ternary nanocomposite electrode in 6 M KOH delivered a maximum specific capacitance of 232.7 C g–1 at 1 A g–1. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was fabricated based on 3DG–SnO2–TiO2 as a positive electrode and commercial activated carbon as a negative electrode (3DG–SnO2–TiO2//AC). The ASC delivered a maximum energy density of 28.6 Wh kg–1 at a power density of 367.7 W kg–1. Furthermore, the device delivered a superior cycling stability of ∼97% after 5000 cycles, showing its prospects as a commercial ASC electrode.

An ammonium vanadate/MXene nanocomposite for high-performance ammonium ion storage

“…Hence, this structure increased the capacitive property of the electrode by accelerating the electrolyte ion transport and reducing the polarization of the electrode surface. 40…”

“…Hence, this structure increased the capacitive property of the electrode by accelerating the electrolyte ion transport and reducing the polarization of the electrode surface. 40 GCD curves obtained from the three-electrode studies of the NVO/MXene composite electrode were evaluated to determine the practical cycling performance. The GCD performance of the NVO and MXene electrodes is compiled in the ESI (S5b and S6b).…”

Studies on improved stability and electrochemical activity of metal oxides/sulfides‐based polymer nanocomposites for energy storage applications

“…In 3 M KOH solution, the EIS was carried out using a three‐electrode setup throughout a frequency range of 100 kHz–10 mHz at 10 mV. A supercapacitor's Nyquist plot is usually composed of three sections: a Warburg resistance at low frequency, a series resistance at high frequency, and a charge transfer resistance at mid frequency 70–75 . Figure 11A shows the Nyquist plots obtained for P3MT, P3MT/NiO, P3MT/NiS, and P3MT/NiO/NiS nanocomposites electrode materials.…”

“…A supercapacitor's Nyquist plot is usually composed of three sections: a Warburg resistance at low frequency, a series resistance at high frequency, and a charge transfer resistance at mid frequency. [70][71][72][73][74][75] Figure 11A shows the Nyquist plots obtained for P3MT, P3MT/NiO, P3MT/ NiS, and P3MT/NiO/NiS nanocomposites electrode materials. The EIS data were fitted using ZSimpWin based on the equivalent electrical circuit.…”

Highly efficient CdS/CeO2/Ag3PO4 nanocomposite as novel heterogenous catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation and acetylation reactions

“…According to Yin and co-workers [ 22 ], the ternary nanocomposite exhibited superior durability and reproducibility than binary composites. Zamiri et al, reported that the incorporation of 3DG into the SnO 2 –TiO 2 binary nanocomposite increased its surface area and decrease size compared to the single and binary composite [ 23 ]. This results a high adsorption of substrates on the catalyst surface and increase the catalytic processes.…”