Three-dimensional geometry and tectonostratigraphy of the Pennine zone, Central Alps, Switzerland and Northern Italy

Maxelon, Michael; Mancktelow, Neil S.

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.01.003

Cited by 81 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The mylonitic foliation seems to be axial plane of these F 2 fold structures and therefore would correspond to an S 2 fabric. However, the current study also establishes that the mylonitic foliation crosscuts the SE limb of the Wandfluhhorn fold (Figure 2b), which was interpreted by Maxelon and Mancktelow [2005] to be a regional F 2 structure. Therefore, at least for this region, S 2 and the Simplon mylonitic foliation (Sm) are clearly distinct ( Figure 2b) and cannot correspond to the same structural event.…”

Section: Se Prolongation Of the Simplon Fault Zonementioning

confidence: 96%

“…These ductile structures are nonpervasively overprinted by brittle faults. The older regionally developed fold structures and foliations [e.g., Steck and Hunziker, 1994;Grujic and Mancktelow, 1996;Maxelon and Mancktelow, 2005] are also observed in the footwall but are overprinted and transposed by the Simplon shear zone close to the detachment.…”

Section: Simplon Fault Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hetherington and Villa [2007] obtained 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of around 17 Ma for muscovite defining the main foliation in the Berisal Unit from the SFZ footwall. They considered this to date the regional (S 2 ) main foliation [e.g., Grujic and Mancktelow, 1996;Maxelon and Mancktelow, 2005] and thus to represent a maximum age for the onset of the Simplon shear zone, which overprints and transposes S 2 . In the Helvetic nappes north of the Rhone Valley and in the interpreted prolongation of the SFZ footwall, Kirschner et al [2003] also applied 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and Rb/Sr methods to directly date synkinematic white micas related to nappe thrusting and established that activity or reactivation lasted until 25-15 Ma.…”

Section: Campani Et Al: Exhumation On a Low-angle Normal Fault Tc300mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geochronological evidence for continuous exhumation through the ductile‐brittle transition along a crustal‐scale low‐angle normal fault: Simplon Fault Zone, central Alps

et al. 2010

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[1] Major low-angle normal faults juxtapose different structural levels of the crust that record both brittle and ductile deformation. Field relationships alone cannot establish whether these different responses to deformation represent (1) parts of a single process of exhumation along the detachment or (2) two separate events, with the later, more discrete brittle detachment exhuming a fossil ductile shear zone from depth. These two general models are critically assessed for the lowangle normal Simplon Fault Zone (SFZ) in the central Alps. The SFZ shows a spatial transition from a broad ductile mylonitic shear zone to a discrete brittle detachment with identical kinematics. The age of the ductile shear zone and ductile-brittle transition is controversial. We present a detailed geochronological study based on fission track, 40 Ar/ 39 Ar, and Rb/Sr microsampling dating, coupled with structural, petrological, and chemical analyses that provides tight constraints on SFZ timing. Discontinuous mineral cooling ages over a broad range of temperatures across the fault zone argue for fault activity between 20 and 3 Ma. On the basis of synkinematic white mica in low-temperature shear zones and necks of foliation boudinage, the brittle-ductile transition in the footwall could be dated at ∼14.5-10 Ma. Overall, the data presented here are consistent with a continuous transition from ductile shearing to a more localized zone of brittle deformation within the same geological framework, over a period of ∼15 Ma. The SFZ is therefore an example of a telescoped crustal section within a single major lowangle fault, involving a continuous period of exhumation rather than a two-stage structure.

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Section: Se Prolongation Of the Simplon Fault Zonementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Simplon Fault Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Campani Et Al: Exhumation On a Low-angle Normal Fault Tc300mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Geochronological evidence for continuous exhumation through the ductile‐brittle transition along a crustal‐scale low‐angle normal fault: Simplon Fault Zone, central Alps

et al. 2010

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“…Drill holes and other structural inputs such as fold axes and fold axial planes can also be used (Maxelon and Mancktelow, 2005). Each data input is assigned to a geological unit and the model is then built according to predefined topological rules.…”

Section: Mcue Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monte Carlo simulation for uncertainty estimation on structural data in implicit 3-D geological modeling, a guide for disturbance distribution selection and parameterization

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Three-dimensional (3-D) geological structural modeling aims to determine geological information in a 3-D space using structural data (foliations and interfaces) and topological rules as inputs. This is necessary in any project in which the properties of the subsurface matters; they express our understanding of geometries in depth. For that reason, 3-D geological models have a wide range of practical applications including but not restricted to civil engineering, the oil and gas industry, the mining industry, and water management. These models, however, are fraught with uncertainties originating from the inherent flaws of the modeling engines (working hypotheses, interpolator's parameterization) and the inherent lack of knowledge in areas where there are no observations combined with input uncertainty (observational, conceptual and technical errors). Because 3-D geological models are often used for impactful decision-making it is critical that all 3-D geological models provide accurate estimates of uncertainty. This paper's focus is set on the effect of structural input data measurement uncertainty propagation in implicit 3-D geological modeling. This aim is achieved using Monte Carlo simulation for uncertainty estimation (MCUE), a stochastic method which samples from predefined disturbance probability distributions that represent the uncertainty of the original input data set. MCUE is used to produce hundreds to thousands of altered unique data sets. The altered data sets are used as inputs to produce a range of plausible 3-D models. The plausible models are then combined into a single probabilistic model as a means to propagate uncertainty from the input data to the final model. In this paper, several improved methods for MCUE are proposed.The methods pertain to distribution selection for input uncertainty, sample analysis and statistical consistency of the sampled distribution. Pole vector sampling is proposed as a more rigorous alternative than dip vector sampling for planar features and the use of a Bayesian approach to disturbance distribution parameterization is suggested. The influence of incorrect disturbance distributions is discussed and propositions are made and evaluated on synthetic and realistic cases to address the sighted issues. The distribution of the errors of the observed data (i.e., scedasticity) is shown to affect the quality of prior distributions for MCUE. Results demonstrate that the proposed workflows improve the reliability of uncertainty estimation and diminish the occurrence of artifacts.

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“…The workflow is based on the use of GIS (ESRI ArcGis) for the data management and pre-and postprocessing, and on computer-aided earth-modelling tools (CAEM; mainly 3D GeoModeller) for the threedimensional modelling. The workflow is focused on implicit modelling with GeoModeller, since this program is the most convenient for handling the type of data that is collected and used in such complexly deformed terrains (e.g., Martelet et al, 2004;Talbot et al, 2004;Maxelon and Mancktelow, 2005;Joly et al, 2008). The main advantage of 3D Geomodeller is its interpolation method, which uses a potential-field approach (Lajaunie et al, 1997;Chilè s et al, 2006;Calcagno et al, in press).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A workflow to facilitate three-dimensional geometrical modelling of complex poly-deformed geological units

Maxelon

Renard

Courrioux

et al. 2009

Computers & Geosciences

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a b s t r a c tThe three-dimensional (3D) geometry of complexly deformed regions is often beyond the scope of simple 2D and 2.5D representation in cross-sections and block diagrams. Methods must be developed for fully three-dimensional representation. A workflow for such three-dimensional modelling of structurally complex areas is presented. Data requirements are tailored to typical results of structural field work in strongly deformed rocks from mid-crustal levels. The workflow is based on data evaluation and data export using standard geographical information system and database management systems. Three-dimensional modelling in polyphase deformed areas is highly dependent on the correct interpretation of variations in the orientation of the dominant planar fabrics. The computer-aided earth-modelling software 3D GeoModeller is well adapted for managing this problem. It calculates the geometry of geological interfaces taking into account simultaneously the foliation data and location of lithological contacts. The workflow is based on iterative model refinement based on interactive editing of the geometry in section and map views with data assessment and pre-processing using GIS software. This approach assures internal consistency of the resulting three-dimensional models. Modelling of the Lower Lepontine Nappes in the Central Alps is used as an illustrative example from a complexly deformed terrain.

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Three-dimensional geometry and tectonostratigraphy of the Pennine zone, Central Alps, Switzerland and Northern Italy

Cited by 81 publications

References 47 publications

Geochronological evidence for continuous exhumation through the ductile‐brittle transition along a crustal‐scale low‐angle normal fault: Simplon Fault Zone, central Alps

Geochronological evidence for continuous exhumation through the ductile‐brittle transition along a crustal‐scale low‐angle normal fault: Simplon Fault Zone, central Alps

Monte Carlo simulation for uncertainty estimation on structural data in implicit 3-D geological modeling, a guide for disturbance distribution selection and parameterization

A workflow to facilitate three-dimensional geometrical modelling of complex poly-deformed geological units

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