Three-dimensional
(3D) bulk materials, such as metal–organic
frameworks (MOFs) and inorganic phosphors, show the properties of
large backscattering and stress concentration, which result in low
mechanical and inferior transmittance when these materials are hydridized
with a polymer matrix. Inspired by the “reinforcement”
effects of two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as grapheme, C3N4, MoS2, and Mxene, it was interesting
to examine a 2D lanthanide (Ln)-based MOF-grafted natural polymer
(nanocellulose) with the goal of achieving light emission, transparency,
and good mechanical properties. A series of near-infrared (NIR) luminescent
cellulose nanopapers were prepared via 2D Ln-MOF-grafted (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl-oxidized
cellulose nanofibrils (tCNFs; Ln = Nd, Yb, or Er). In addition to
efficient NIR luminescence, these Ln nanopapers exhibited good flexibility,
transparency (>90%), and mechanical properties (>28 MPa). Notably,
the haze of these nanopapers was increased by 93–95% from 26%
due to compositing with 2D Ln-MOFs, which prevented dense packing
among the cellulose and formed air cavities in the nanopaper, inducing
internal light scattering and improving optical haze. Moreover, these
flexible Ln nanopapers exhibited efficient NIR luminescence, which,
together with optical haze and transparency, offered an opportunity
for utilization in paper-based anticounterfeiting, NIR-light-emitting
diodes, or light softening devices.