Three-Dimensional Distribution of Limonin, Limonoate A-Ring Monolactone, and Naringin in the Fruit Tissues of Three Varieties of Citrus paradisi

Abstract

Limonin and naringin are the two major bitter compounds in Citrus paradisi (grapefruit), and tissuespecific patterns of their distribution are well-established. This study was undertaken to determine the distribution of these compounds within Duncan, Marsh, and Thompson Pink tissues using threedimensional fruit dissection (600-900 samples per fruit) and highly specific radioimmunoassays for limonin and naringin quantification. Results from a GLM ANOVA showed that there was no radial distribution pattern of limonin or naringin accumulation in these fruit. There were statistically significant differences in the axial distribution of these compounds within the fruit tissues. The limonin concentration in flavedo, albedo, outer segment membrane, and juice vesicles increased toward the distal end of the fruit. Naringin concentrations in flavedo, albedo, and outer segment membranes tended to be higher in the center portion of the fruit. Limonoate A-ring monolactone levels are also reported.

Effects of Pretreatment and Drying on Composition and Bitterness of High-Dietary-Fiber Powder from Lime Residues

“…[1] Naturally, limonin in all citrus fruit tissues [22] and the amounts are varied greatly depending on the variety and part of the fruit. [23,24] Limonin content in lime residues was observed to be higher than that reported in Citrus changshanensis. Sun et al [16] found 796, 578, 3520 mg=g dry basis (ppm) of limonin contents in flavodo, albedo, and segment of Citrus hangshanensis.…”

Flavanones, chalcones and dihydrochalcones - nature, occurrence and dietary burden

“…Equivalent data are also available for many other citrus species and hybrids. The chromatographic profiles of the intact glycosides can be used for identifying the botanical origin of the fruit and products such as juices, preserves and honey, and as a monitor of adulteration 3–6. Flavanone glucosides are comparatively rare but are found in some species of Mentha used as culinary herbs (0.3–3.3 g kg −1 dry weight (DW)) (where they occur as 7‐glucosides)7 and as minor components of grapefruit, lemon and sweet orange (where they occur as 4′‐glucosides) 3.…”

“…However, the distribution is very non‐uniform, with much higher concentrations in the solid tissues compared with the juice. For example, the naringin content of grapefruit juice was reported as 295–377 mg l −1 , whereas the albedo, back membrane and side membranes of the fruit contained 13–16, 18–27 and 11.5–17.6 g kg −1 respectively, tending to be higher towards the centre of the fruit 5. Citrus peels (albedo + flavedo) are also particularly rich, with grapefruit peel containing naringin (1–16 g kg −1 fresh weight (FW)), sour orange peel containing neohesperidin (0.7–31 g kg −1 FW) and sweet orange peel containing hesperidin (4.6–12.8 g kg −1 ) 13.…”

Effect of harvesting time and fruit size on titratable acidity, soluble solid and distribution of limonin in Thai tangerine juice

“…Fruit tissues contain limonin, especially in the juice vesicles. In other tissues limonin is present as the A‐ring monolactone ( McIntosh & Mansell, 1997). When the juice is extracted, limonate A‐ring lactone gradually converts to limonin under acidic conditions ( Hasegawa et al ., 1992 ) and, because of this development of bitter taste, the quality of juice is adversely affected.…”