Three Dimensional Display Technology for Aerospace and Visualization

Wickens, Christopher D.; Todd, Steven

doi:10.1177/154193129003401913

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…On one hand, Liu and Wickens (1992) found that a mesh surface connecting data points in 3D space did support subjects' ability to identify clusters in a relational database. On the other hand, Wickens and Todd (1990) failed to find a similar 3D benefit to information integration of a surface that connected four data points in a 3D database.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Implications of Graphics Enhancements for the Visualization of Scientific Data: Dimensional Integrality, Stereopsis, Motion, and Mesh

1994

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This study examines the effectiveness of four techniques to assist scientists in evaluating multidimensional data. Subjects viewed a series of complex 3D data sets, each representing an underlying complex surface, from which a set of discrete points or observations were sampled. From each sample they answered questions that required focus of attention on certain data points or integration across varying numbers of data points and dimensions. After a number of samples were viewed from each surface, subjects were tested for their retention of the surface characteristics. In Experiment 1, 3D (perspective) representations were found to support superior performance to 2D (planar) representations, but only for more integrative questions. Animated motion provided no benefits. In Experiment 2, stereoptic views of a 3D display were also found to support performance, particularly for integrative questions, but the ability to rotate the data space (motion parallax) and the presence of a mesh surface connecting the points did not. The posttests revealed some evidence that 3D representations improved the ability to visualize the surface, but neither 3D renderings nor stereopsis led to a better abstract representation of the data.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Implications of Graphics Enhancements for the Visualization of Scientific Data: Dimensional Integrality, Stereopsis, Motion, and Mesh

1994

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“…The first, cognitive fit (Vessey, 1991), recommends spatial information for spatial tasks and symbolic information for symbolic tasks, and explains the effects found by Jarvenpaa and Dickson (1988) in that light. The second theory, the Proximity Compatibility Principle (PCP), espouses physical proximity of data if the task demands its integration (Wickens, 1992;Wickens, Merwin, & Lin, 1994;Wickens & Todd, 1990).…”

Section: Order Of Relative Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effectiveness of Different Representations for Managerial Problem Solving: Comparing Tables and Maps

Smelcer¹,

Carmel²

1997

Decision Sciences

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enable decision makers to view tabular data geographically, as maps. This simple yet powerful visual format appears to facilitate problem solving, yet how it does so is not clear, nor do we know the types of problems that benefit from this representation. To begin to understand the contributions of geographic representations over tabular representations, we conducted a three-factor experiment in problem solving. The experiment contained two different representations (map and table), three different geographic relationships (proximity, adjacency, and containment), and three levels of task difficulty (low, medium, and high). We found that maps generally produced faster problem solving than tables, and that problem-solving time increased with task difficulty. Most importantly, for the proximity and adjacency geographic relationships we found that maps kept problem-solving time low, while tables tended to increase time dramatically. However, we found that the number of knowledge states for each task explains performance times quite well and is a useful tool for understanding performance differences and interaction effects. As tasks become more difficult, representing them as maps generally keeps the number of knowledge states small, while for tables, the number of knowledge states increases dramatically. Correspondingly, problem-solving times increase dramatically with tables, but not with maps.In sum, as difficulty increases, maps are more effective for problem-solving tasks. Using maps, the tasks are simplified using visual heuristics that keep problemsolving times and error rates from rising as quickly as they do with tables.

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“…Despite preliminary studies of 3D advantages over planar 2D displays (Haskell & Wickens, 1993;Wickens & Todd 1990) there is a current ambiguity and inconsistency in the mapping of 3D rendering features to information, This deserves further research (Wickens, Merwin & Lin, 1994). For example, shape has received little scrutiny as a means for data analysis tasks.…”

Section: Designing 3d Displaysmentioning

confidence: 95%

Gap and Curvature: Two Promising Three-Dimensional Emergent Features Displays

Dryer

Stanney

1998

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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In this study two three-dimensional information displays were designed and tested which could provide alternative display formats to traditional two-dimensional bar graphs. The intent was to design displays that supported both low level focused attention tasks and high level integration of information. The proposed display representations were generated based on perceptual emergent features theories, in the form of a curvature and gap display. An empirical comparison of the three-dimensional displays versus a two-dimensional bar graph indicated marginally enhanced performance for both focused attention and integrated tasks when using the curvature and gap displays. The novelty of the three-dimensional displays was suggested to contribute to a learning effect which was may have reduced the reliability of the results. Future research should examine similar displays with extended sessions to overcome this learning effect.

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Three Dimensional Display Technology for Aerospace and Visualization

Cited by 13 publications

References 8 publications

Implications of Graphics Enhancements for the Visualization of Scientific Data: Dimensional Integrality, Stereopsis, Motion, and Mesh

Implications of Graphics Enhancements for the Visualization of Scientific Data: Dimensional Integrality, Stereopsis, Motion, and Mesh

The Effectiveness of Different Representations for Managerial Problem Solving: Comparing Tables and Maps

Gap and Curvature: Two Promising Three-Dimensional Emergent Features Displays

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