Three-dimensional deformation caused by the Bam, Iran, earthquake and the origin of shallow slip deficit

Fialko, Yuri; Sandwell, David T.; Simons, M.; Rosen, P. A.

doi:10.1038/nature03425

Cited by 438 publications

(389 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…On a similar spatial scale, Bodin et al (1994) showed that creepmeter measurements of slip amplitude were generally larger than measured feature offsets, even when the creepmeter spanned just a few meters on either side of the active fault strand. On the scale of a single fault segment, Fialko (2005) note that the immature fault associated with the Bam earthquake has a significant co-seismic slip deficit in the upper crust compared to slip at depth, attributed to distributed deformation in the upper few km of crust. Bennet et al (1995) note a similar upper crustal slip deficit for the 1992 M 6.1 Joshua Tree earthquake, at the southern end of the ECSZ.…”

Section: Models For Fault Slip Rate Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acceleration and evolution of faults: An example from the Hunter Mountain–Panamint Valley fault zone, Eastern California

Gourmelen

Dixon

Amelung

et al. 2011

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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We present new space geodetic data indicating that the present slip rate on the Hunter Mountain-Panamint Valley fault zone in Eastern California (5.0±0.5 mm/yr) is significantly faster than geologic estimates based on fault total offset and inception time. We interpret this discrepancy as evidence for an accelerating fault and propose a new model for fault initiation and evolution. In this model, fault slip rate initially increases with time; hence geologic estimates averaged over the early stages of the fault's activity will tend to underestimate the present-day rate. The model is based on geologic data (total offset and fault initiation time) and geodetic data (present day slip rate). The model assumes a monotonic increase in slip rate with time as the fault matures and straightens. The rate increase follows a simple Rayleigh cumulative distribution. Integrating the rate-time path from fault inception to present-day gives the total fault offset.

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Section: Models For Fault Slip Rate Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acceleration and evolution of faults: An example from the Hunter Mountain–Panamint Valley fault zone, Eastern California

Gourmelen

Dixon

Amelung

et al. 2011

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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“…Recent advances in processing high-resolution aerial photographs of near-fault deformation patterns reveal that off-fault deformation primarily correlates with fault complexity [Milliner et al, 2015]. A significant slip reduction towards the shallow part of the faults is inferred, known as shallow slip deficit (SSD), which is often attributed to plastic deformation [Fialko et al, 2005;Kaneko and Fialko, 2011;Milliner et al, 2015;Gombert et al, 2018]. Simulations on a single, planar fault plane reveal that purely elastic simulations underpredict the SSD [Roten et al, 2017] as well as ground motions [Roten et al, 2014[Roten et al, , 2015.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landers 1992 "reloaded": Integrative dynamic earthquake rupture modeling

Gabriel

Wollherr

Schliwa

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Key Points:• A new integrative physics-based simulation of the 1992 Landers earthquake reproduces a broad range of independent observation • Sustained dynamic rupture interconnecting the complex fault segments constraints pre-stress and fault strength • We discuss the interplay of rupture transfers, geometric fault complexity, initial stress, viscoelastic attenuation, and off-fault plasticity AbstractThe 1992 M w 7.3 Landers earthquake is perhaps one of the best studied seismic events. However, many aspects of the dynamics of the rupture process are still puzzling, e.g. how did rupture transfer between fault segments? We present 3D spontaneous dynamic rupture simulations of a new degree of realism, incorporating the interplay of fault geometry, topography, 3D rheology, off-fault plasticity and viscoelastic attenuation. The surprisingly unique scenario reproduces a broad range of observations, including final slip distribution, seismic moment-rate function, seismic waveform characteristics and peak ground velocities, as well as shallow slip deficits and mapped off-fault deformation patterns. Sustained dynamic rupture of all fault segments in general, and rupture transfers in particular, put strong constraints on amplitude and orientation of initial fault stresses and friction. Source dynamics include dynamic triggering over large distances and direct branching; rupture terminates spontaneously on most of the principal fault segments. We achieve good agreement between synthetic and observed waveform characteristics and associated peak ground velocities. Despite very complex rupture evolution, ground motion variability is close to what is commonly assumed in Ground Motion Prediction Equations. We examine the effects of variations in modeling parameterization, e.g. purely elastic setups or models neglecting viscoelastic attenuation, in comparison to our preferred model. Our integrative dynamic modeling approach demonstrates the potential of consistent in-scale earthquake rupture simulations for augmenting earthquake source observations and improving the understanding of earthquake source physics of complex, segmented fault systems.

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“…Partly, such absence might be explained by alluvial burial from the ancient Lake Cahuilla 29 . However, it is not clear whether the corresponding fault segment remained quiescent over 400 years since the lake retreat 29 , or could be a "blind" strike-slip fault 19 . For the San Andreas fault, the fault dip angle required by the homogeneous model is ∼ 30 • off vertical.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Possible explanations for the concentrated deformation on one side of a fault include acrossfault contrasts in the effective shear modulus of the host rocks 14,15 , postseismic relaxation in the presence of lateral variations in the effective viscosity of the substrate 16 , multiple sub-parallel shear zones 17 , and a non-vertical fault geometry 18,19 . Postseismic transients are an unlikely explanation given the large time lapse since the presumend last great earthquake on the southern SAF.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The discrepancy between different geologic datasets might be due to the along-fault variations in the mechanical behavior of the uppermost crustal layer. For example, zones of the apparently low slip rates might represent substantial inelastic yielding of a shallow layer in the interseismic period, either in the form of creep 4 , or more distributed failure 19 . It is reasonable to assume that the geodetically determined slip rate remained relatively constant in the recent geologic past, and, in particular, over the last several hundred years.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the southern San Andreas fault system

Fialko

2006

Nature

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379

361

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Three-dimensional deformation caused by the Bam, Iran, earthquake and the origin of shallow slip deficit

Cited by 438 publications

References 47 publications

Acceleration and evolution of faults: An example from the Hunter Mountain–Panamint Valley fault zone, Eastern California

Acceleration and evolution of faults: An example from the Hunter Mountain–Panamint Valley fault zone, Eastern California

Landers 1992 "reloaded": Integrative dynamic earthquake rupture modeling

Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the southern San Andreas fault system

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