Three‐dimensional color prediction modeling of single‐ and double‐layered woven fabrics

Abstract

In this research, the three-dimensional structural and colorimetric modeling of threedimensional woven fabrics was conducted for accurate color predictions. Onehundred forty single-and double-layered woven samples in a wide range of colors were produced. With the consideration of their three-dimensional structural parameters, three-dimensional color prediction models, K/S-, R-, and L*a*b*-based models, were developed through the optimization of previous two-dimensional models which have been reported to be the three most accurate models for single-layered woven structures. The accuracy of the new three-dimensional models was evaluated by calculating the color differences DL*, DC*, Dh8, and DE CMC(2:1) between the measured and the predicted colors of the samples, and then the error values were compared to those of the two-dimensional models. As a result, there has been an overall improvement in color predictions of all models with a decrease in DE CMC(2:1) from 10.30 to 5.25 units on average after the three-dimensional modeling. K E Y W O R D Scolor prediction, color prediction model, double-layered fabric, single-layered fabric, three-dimensional modeling | I NT ROD UCTI ONThe colors of woven fabrics depend on the weave structures as well as the individual yarn colors used. In the current practice of designing woven fabrics, targeted colors are achieved using computer-aided design (CAD) systems in which designers allocate weaves and yarn colors appropriately to the original designs displayed on computer screens. By checking the visual simulations of final fabrics provided by the CAD systems, designers can easily recolor their designs as required. In this process, accurate visual simulations based on accurate color prediction models predicting combined weave-color effects will reduce or even eliminate the need for physical sampling, a time-consuming and costly process, before actual production. Nevertheless, there has not been sufficient research 1-10 on the color prediction modeling of woven fabrics. The color prediction modeling of woven fabrics has been conducted in three steps: (1) geometric modeling of woven structures to calculate the proportion of each yarn color on the fabric surface, (2) colorimetric modeling to calculate the final color attributes, L*, a*, b*, C*, and h8 values, of the fabrics from the calculated proportions and the color attributes of yarns using some color prediction models (also known as color mixing models), and (3) accuracy evaluation of the color predictions by calculating the difference between the measured and the predicted color attributes of the fabrics. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] In the previous research, the geometric modeling was conducted with the use of single-layered woven fabrics based on the assumption that fabrics have two-dimensional flat structures. This two-dimensional modeling simplifies the modeling of complex three-dimensional woven structures, and the resultant geometric model can be used easily in industry. In the next step, colorimetric modeling,...

Use of a predictive colour model for managing the colour appearance of two‐colour woven fabrics

“…. Figure shows that the calculations predicted the colour of weft threads as brighter (for wefts 2a, 4a and 5a, calculated L * values were higher than the measured values by 1.9‐4.4 units), which is in agreement with the findings of recent research which reported that the linear L *, a * and b *‐based models for the prediction of colour appearance tend to predict higher L * values due to the simplified prediction that the woven structure is a flat structure (and consequently, in the effect of the colour appearance of the part of threads that lie in the internal and lower structure, the inter‐reflection is not considered). Moreover, evidently higher values of a * were predicted (Δ a * (cal.…”

“…– mea.) = 7.1‐35.1 units), which is not in agreement with Chae et al and can probably be explained by the dyeing process, which resulted in a less saturated colour of dyed substrates than predicted.…”

“…This is in agreement with the previously reported findings that two‐dimensional L *, a *, b * predictive models have a tendency to predict lightness with greater deviations in comparison with the measured colour values. However, the L * values calculated in our study were lower and not higher, as has generally been demonstrated for these types of models …”

“…Chae et al presented the three‐dimensional structural and colorimetric model for colour prediction that upgraded the previously developed two‐dimensional models, ie, K / S , D‐G and W‐O models . These models consider the three‐dimensional nature of woven structures and consequently predict the colours of multicoloured structures with great accuracy.…”

Color Attributes of Colored-Yarn Mixed Woven Fabrics Made of Raw-White Warps and Multicolored Wefts and Based on Weft-Backed Structures

“…The visual assessment results revealed that the color appearance attribute most affected by neighboring colors is different for each test color: lightness for magenta, colorfulness for yellow, and hue for cyan. The three-dimensional color prediction models were further developed for single-and double-layered woven fabrics with the improved accuracy in lightness and chrome predictions [12]. Li et al investigated the four types of primary color combinations for full-color fabric design and mixed-color chromaticity coordinates based on CIE chromaticity diagram analysis [13].…”