Three-dimensional characteristic chromatogram by online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography: Application to the identification and differentiation of ginseng from herbal medicines to various Chinese patent medicines

Two Multidimensional Chromatography/High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Approaches Enabling the In-Depth Metabolite Characterization Simultaneously from Three Glycyrrhiza Species: Method Development, Comparison, and Integration

“…Considering the mobile phase and column temperature can influence the separation of herbal compounds in 2D-LC, in the experiment, different mobile phases and column temperatures set in the 2 D and 3 D chromatography were optimized by adding formic acid (FA) in the water phase and acetonitrile. According to the numbers of resolvable ions and the baseline situation (Figure S3), 0.1% FA/ACN was selected for the 2 D separation, while H 2 O/ACN was in 3 D chromatography.…”

“…Notably, the Cosmocore C18 and CSH Fluoro-Phenyl column combination exhibited the minimal R 2 value (0.7814), and both of them could enable desirable separation of compounds from licorice (Figure S2), which were thus selected for constructing the online 2D-LC system. Taking into account the specification, CSH Fluoro-Phenyl (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) filled with sub-2 μm particles was used for the 2 D chromatography, and the short Cosmocore C18 Considering the mobile phase and column temperature can influence the separation of herbal compounds in 2D-LC, 25 in the experiment, different mobile phases and column temperatures set in the 2 D and 3 D chromatography were optimized by adding formic acid (FA) in the water phase and acetonitrile. According to the numbers of resolvable ions and the baseline situation (Figure S3), 0.1% FA/ACN was selected for the 2 D separation, while H 2 O/ACN was in 3 D chromatography.…”

“…MDC can be operated in either the online or the offline mode, mainly including the applications of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) and three-dimensional liquid chromatography (3D-LC). , By MDC, the column combinations with large separation differences (referred to as high orthogonality) are often pursued. − Online 2D-LC has the merits of high automation, fast analysis speed, and good reproducibility, but it strongly depends on the availability of instruments . In contrast, the offline mode is highly accessible in the laboratories, flexible in integrating different mechanisms of separation, and free of the solvent effect, but often involves complex operations (e.g., eluate collection, solvent removal, and redissolution for sample injection). − In addition, 2D-LC can be divided into the comprehensive (LC × LC) and heart-cutting 2D-LC (HC-2D-LC) modes according to all of the one-dimensional fractions, or part of them are transferred and further separated by second-dimensional chromatography. , Comparatively, the comprehensive 2D-LC is advantageous in separating the complex components by feat of the greatly increased peak capacity and enhanced selectivity in separation, while HC-2D-LC selectively captures or enriches the target component(s), thus is more suitable for the quantitative assays. − Our recent research established two offline 3D-LC strategies by sequentially integrating ion exchange chromatography, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, and reversed-phase chromatography (IEC-HILIC-RPC) prior to the ultimate monitoring by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), which enabled the efficient discovery of numerous potential unknown structures. The use of a strong anion exchange (SAX) column in the first-dimensional ( 1 D) chromatography fractionated the total extracts of ginseng flowers into the acidic and the neutral fractions, while the application of a strong cation exchange (SCX) column in the 1 D chromatography separated the total extracts of Uncaria sessilifructus into the alkaloids and the nonbasic components .…”

In situ photo-crosslinked hydrogel promotes oral mucosal wound healing through sustained delivery of ginsenoside Rg1

“…The chromatographic column used in this experiment was Diamonsil C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm), and the detection wavelength was 203 nm. ( Xu et al, 2023 ).…”