“…Local averaged variables are used in the conservation equations, which are, in turn, resolved through computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Due to its reasonable computational cost for practical application problems, the TFM is currently the most used approach for modeling fluidization processes (Gidaspow, 1994; Venier et al , 2020; Dwivedi et al , 2020). However, besides being unable to provide individual particle flow information, the capacity of a continuous approach to producing good results is directly dependent on constructing constitutive relations for the stress tensor and the effective conductivity of the solid phase (Peng et al , 2020), which has been proven quite challenging.…”